redundant
/rɪˈdʌndənt/adjective
1- no longer needed or useful; superfluous多余的, 过剩的：
an appropriate use for a redundant church
多余教堂的恰当使用
many of the old skills had become redundant.
许多老技术早已变得多余。
1.1
- chiefly Brit. (of a person) no longer in employment because there is no more work available〈主英〉（因劳动力过剩）被解雇的, 失业的：
eight permanent staff were made redundant.
八名正式工被解雇。
1.2
- (of words) able to be omitted without loss of meaning or function（语言）累赘的, 冗长的。
1.3
- Engineering (of a component) not strictly necessary to functioning but included in case of failure in another component【工程】（对运转并非完全必要, 仅为预防其他组件故障而设）重复的。
派生词
redundantly
adverb词源
late 16th cent. （in the sense 'abundant'）： from Latin redundant- 'surging up', from the verb redundare （see REDOUND）.