coarsen

Coarsen [=roughen] the surface with a file before you apply the glue.涂胶之前，先用锉把表面弄糙。

Her hands were coarsened by years of hard work.多年的辛苦劳作使她的双手变粗糙了。

His hands coarsened [=roughened] from years of hard work.由于多年辛苦劳作，他的手变粗糙了。

He was coarsened by his time in prison.监狱生活让他变得很粗鲁。

offensive words that coarsen the English language使英语变粗俗的粗话

The book describes how popular culture has coarsened in recent decades.这本书描述了最近几十年大众文化是如何变粗俗的。