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单词 Distribution of prime numbers
释义

Distribution of prime numbers

中文百科

质数定理 Prime number theorem

(重定向自Distribution of prime numbers)

素数定理描述素数的大致分布情况。

素数的出现规律一直困惑着数学家。一个个地看,素数在正整数中的出现没有什么规律。可是总体地看,素数的个数竟然有规可循。对正实数x,定义π(x)为素数计数函数,亦即不大于x的素数个数。数学家找到了一些函数来估计π(x)的增长。以下是第一个这样的估计。

其中ln xx的自然对数。上式的意思是当x趋近∞,π(x)与x/ln x的比值趋近1。但这不表示它们的数值随着x增大而接近。

下面是对π(x)更好的估计:

其中{\rm Li} (x) = \int_2^x \frac{dt}{\ln\,t}(对数积分),而关系式右边第二项是误差估计,详见大O符号。

英语百科

Prime number theorem 质数定理

(重定向自Distribution of prime numbers)
Graph showing ratio of the prime-counting function π(x) to two of its approximations, x/log x and Li(x). As x increases (note x axis is logarithmic), both ratios tend towards 1. The ratio for x/log x converges from above very slowly, while the ratio for Li(x) converges more quickly from below.
Log-log plot showing absolute error of x/log x and Li(x), two approximations to the prime-counting function π(x). Unlike the ratio, the difference between π(x) and x/log x increases without bound as x increases. On the other hand, Li(x)-π(x) switches sign infinitely many times.
Distribution of primes up to 19# (9699690).

In number theory, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers among the positive integers. It formalizes the intuitive idea that primes become less common as they become larger by precisely quantifying the rate at which this occurs. The theorem was proved independently by Jacques Hadamard and Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin in 1896 using ideas introduced by Bernhard Riemann (in particular, the Riemann zeta function).

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