For hundreds of years, scientists thought that pain was a direct response to damage.

数百年来，科学家认为疼痛是对损伤的直接反应。

Johnson says he remains in charge. He's directing the response from Downing Street using video conferencing.

约翰逊表示，他会继续执政。他将通过视频会议指挥英国政府进行应对。

And then on the immediacy side, a phone call or Snapchat elicits a pretty direct response right away.

在即时性方面，一个电话或 Snapchat 会立即得到相当直接的回应。

These works were created as a direct response to the most savage and apocalyptic period of modern history.

这些作品的创作是对现代历史上最野蛮和最天启的时期的直接回应。

And that seems like a direct response to Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, who earlier said Europeans were playing geopolitics.

这似乎是对俄罗斯外交部长谢尔盖·拉夫罗夫的直接回应，拉夫罗夫此前曾表示，欧洲人在玩地缘政治。

It was a direct response to that.

这是对此的直接回应。

" American Dad" was a direct response to the political climate at the time.

《美国爸爸》是对当时政治气候的直接回应。

Narrator: By contrast, pop art was a much more direct response to capitalist America.

旁白：相比之下，波普艺术是对资本主义美国更为直接的回应。

So in direct response to the Hauptmann trial, the American Bar Association adopted something called Canon 35.

因此， 针对豪普特曼审判的反应，美国律师协会采纳了一个叫做第35条的东西。

Perhaps for his direct response to any issue, he became the no-nonsense deity anyone could call upon for help and everyone could relate to and depend on.

也许是因为他对任何问题的直接回应，他成为了任何人都可以寻求帮助、每个人都可以联系和依赖的严肃神。

So it actually encourages their wellbeing and gives them a sense of calm and also a very easy way for them to have engagement and direct response.

因此，这实际上是在鼓励他们要健康生活，给他们带去平和，同时也可以让他们有直接回应感，轻松地获得了参与感。

For example, if you ask an English learner what their favorite color is, they may give a short, direct response like, " My favorite color is blue" .

比如，如果我们问一个英语学习者他/她最喜欢的颜色是什么，他们的回答通常简短又直接，比如" 我最喜欢的颜色是蓝色。"

Are these attacks being seen as a direct response by militants to the fact that Turkey has escalated its involvement, forcefully joining in in air strikes against the Islamic State?

土耳其加大了在空袭ISIS行动中的参与力度，今天土耳其发生的这些袭击可不可以看作是武装分子对土耳其此举的回应？

Now in terms of structure, well, as I said, I started my answer by directly stating my opinion, like my direct response to the question: " In my opinion, having a smartphone is advantageous."

就结构而言，就像我说的，我以直接陈述我的观点开始我的回答，就像我对这个问题的直接回答：“在我看来，拥有智能手机是有利的。”

These are all pretty intuitive, but let's take a closer look because solutions are often found in direct response to a problem, starting with, why is writing so hard?

这些都是非常直观的， 但让我们仔细看看， 因为解决方案通常是在对问题的直接响应中找到的，首先是，为什么写作如此困难？

When responding to this cue card about dream vacations, Riya firstly does an outstanding job, giving a direct, coherent, and detailed response by starting with " For my dream vacation, I would love to visit the captivating country of New Zealand."

在回答这张关于梦想假期的提问卡时，Riya 首先就做得非常出色，她给出了一个直接、连贯和详细的回答：“对于我的梦想假期，我想去迷人的新西兰。”