Conformational isomerism

Rotation about single bond of butane to interconvert one conformer to another. Above: Newman projection; below: depiction of spatial orientation.

Free energy diagram of butane as a function of dihedral angle.

Equilibrium distribution of two conformers at different temperatures given the free energy of their interconversion.

Boltzmann distribution % of lowest energy conformation in a two component equilibrating system at various temperatures (degrees Celsius, color) and energy difference in kcal/mol (x-axis)

In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted exclusively by rotations about formally single bonds (refer to figure on single bond rotation). Such isomers are generally referred to as conformational isomers or conformers and, specifically, as rotamers. Rotations about single bonds are restricted by a rotational energy barrier which must be overcome to interconvert one conformer to another. Conformational isomerism arises when the rotation about a single bond is relatively unhindered. That is, the energy barrier must be small enough for the interconversion to occur.

单词	Conformational freedom
释义	Conformational freedom 英语百科 Conformational isomerism In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted exclusively by rotations about formally single bonds (refer to figure on single bond rotation). Such isomers are generally referred to as conformational isomers or conformers and, specifically, as rotamers. Rotations about single bonds are restricted by a rotational energy barrier which must be overcome to interconvert one conformer to another. Conformational isomerism arises when the rotation about a single bond is relatively unhindered. That is, the energy barrier must be small enough for the interconversion to occur.
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Conformational freedom

Conformational isomerism