在概率论和统计学中，变异系数，又称“离散系数”（英文：coefficient of variation），是概率分布离散程度的一个归一化量度，其定义为标准差与平均值之比：

变异系数（coefficient of variation）只在平均值不为零时有定义，而且一般适用于平均值大于零的情况。变异系数也被称为标准离差率或单位风险。

变异系数只对由比率标量计算出来的数值有意义。举例来说，对于一个气温的分布，使用开尔文或摄氏度来计算的话并不会改变标准差的值，但是温度的平均值会改变，因此使用不同的温标的话得出的变异系数是不同的。也就是说，使用区间标量得到的变异系数是没有意义的。

In probability theory and statistics, the coefficient of variation (CV), also known as relative standard deviation (RSD), is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution. It is often expressed as a percentage, and is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (or its absolute value, ). The CV or RSD is widely used in analytical chemistry to express the precision and repeatability of an assay. It is also commonly used in fields such as engineering or physics when doing quality assurance studies and ANOVA gauge R&R.