18电子规则又称有效原子序数法则（EAN），是过渡金属簇合物化学中比较重要的一个经验规则，常用来预测金属配合物的结构和稳定性。过渡金属价电子层有5个nd、1个(n+1)s和3个(n+1)p轨道，共可容纳2*9=18个电子；如果18个电子（非键或成键电子）填满了其价电子层，使其具有与同周期稀有气体原子相同的电子结构，则该配合物是稳定的。该填充过程常由金属原子与配体间共享电子完成。

从分子轨道上看，金属配合物的原子轨道重组成9个成键与非键分子轨道。尽管还有一些能级更高的反键轨道，但18电子规则的实质是这9个能量最低的分子轨道都被电子填充的过程。

The 18-electron rule is a rule used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulae for stable metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. The rule is based on the fact that the valence shells of transition metals consist of nine valence orbitals (one s orbital, three p orbitals and five d orbitals), which collectively can accommodate 18 electrons as either bonding or nonbonding electron pairs. This means that, the combination of these nine atomic orbitals with ligand orbitals creates nine molecular orbitals that are either metal-ligand bonding or non-bonding. When a metal complex has 18 valence electrons, it is said to have achieved the same electron configuration as the noble gas in the period. The rule and its exceptions are similar to the application of the octet rule to main group elements. The rule is not helpful for complexes of metals that are not transition metals, and interesting or useful transition metal complexes will violate the rule because of the consequences deviating from the rule bears on reactivity. The rule was first proposed by American chemist Irving Langmuir in 1921.