爪蟾属（学名：Xenopus），统称滑爪蟾，是撒哈拉以南非洲的一属水生青蛙，其下共有18个物种。当中最为人所知的是非洲爪蟾，经常作为科学研究的模式生物。

爪蟾属的瞳孔呈圆形，眼睛位于头顶，视觉是向上的。牠们的身体扁平，略呈卵状，整体呈流线形。皮肤非常湿滑，有像缝合的体侧线。牠们没有鼓膜、舌头及眼帘。脚上有三趾，趾上有黑爪及强壮，前肢没有蹼，后肢有蹼，适合游泳。牠们的血液内没有结合珠蛋白。

Xenopus (/ˈzɛnəpəs/) (Gk., ξενος, xenos=strange, πους, pous=foot, commonly known as the clawed frog) is a genus of highly aquatic frogs native to sub-Saharan Africa. Twenty species are currently described in the Xenopus genus. The two best-known species of this genus are Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, which are commonly studied as model organisms for developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, neuroscience and for modelling human disease and birth defects.