二极管（英语：Diode），是一种具有不对称电导的双电极电子组件。理想的二极管在正向导电时它的两个电极（阳极和阴极）间拥有无穷小电阻，而反向时则有无穷大电阻，即电流只允许由单一方向流过二极管。

1874年，德国物理学家卡尔·布劳恩在卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院发现了晶体的整流能力。因此1906年开发出的第一代二极管——“猫须二极管”是由方铅矿等矿物晶体制成的。早期的二极管还包含了真空管，真空管二极管具有两个电极 ，一个阳极和一个热式阴极。在半导体性能被发现后，二极管成为了世界上第一种半导体器件。现如今的二极管大多是使用硅来生产，硒或锗等其它半导体材料有时也会用到。目前最常见的结构是，一个半导体性能的结芯片通过PN结连接到两个电终端。

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used.