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Moment of inertia

Tightrope walker Samuel Dixon using the long rod's moment of inertia for balance while crossing the Niagara River in 1890.
Flywheels have large moments of inertia to smooth out mechanical motion. This example is in a Russian museum.
Spinning figure skaters can reduce their moment of inertia by pulling in their arms, allowing them to spin faster due to  conservation of angular momentum.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Pendulums used in Mendenhall gravimeter apparatus, from 1897 scientific journal. The portable gravimeter developed in 1890 by Thomas C. Mendenhall provided the most accurate relative measurements of the local gravitational field of the Earth.

The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis. It depends on the body's mass distribution and the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's rotation. It is an extensive (additive) property: the moment of inertia of a composite system is the sum of the moments of inertia of its component subsystems (all taken about the same axis). One of its definitions is the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis r, I = \int_{Q} r^2 \mathrm dm , integrating over the entire mass Q.

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