Sick pay also helps soften the blow to demand which, along with a supply shock and a general panic, is hitting economies.

需求下降再加上供应冲击和普遍的恐慌对经济造成打击，带薪病假也有助于减轻这种影响。

Essentially, what happened is you had a couple of supply shocks.

从本质上讲， 发生的事情是您遇到了几次供应冲击。

So those inflation expectations - economists make sure those are in there, also the supply shocks that they just learned about and also what's called the natural rate of unemployment.

因此，经济学家要确保这些通胀预期、他们刚刚了解到的供应冲击以及所谓的自然失业率都在其中。

Optimists among them point out that the euro zone implemented no major fiscal stimulus after the covid-19 pandemic, unlike America, which means inflation has been driven by supply shocks and energy prices, rather than an overheating economy.

其中的乐观主义者指出， 与美国不同， 在 covid-19 大流行之后， 欧元区没有实施重大财政刺激措施，这意味着通胀是由供应冲击和能源价格驱动的， 而不是经济过热。