Subpoena ad testificandum

Prior to the Fourth Lateran Council, trial by ordeal was the norm.

Pope Innocent III was indirectly responsible for the use of subpoena when trial by ordeal was outlawed by the Fourth Lateran Council

John Fortescue (judge) gives a picture of modern-form jury trials.

Early juries might consist of twenty four knights. Later maintenance and corruption became problematic.

A subpoena ad testificandum is a court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial. The use of a writ for purposes of compelling testimony originated in the Ecclesiastical Courts of the High Middle Ages, especially in England. The use of the subpoena writ was gradually adopted over time by other courts in England and the European Continent.

单词	Subpoena ad testificandum
释义	Subpoena ad testificandum 英语百科 Subpoena ad testificandum A subpoena ad testificandum is a court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial. The use of a writ for purposes of compelling testimony originated in the Ecclesiastical Courts of the High Middle Ages, especially in England. The use of the subpoena writ was gradually adopted over time by other courts in England and the European Continent.
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