歧义谬误是由于语言歧义导致无效推理的现象，是一种言词谬误。

歧义是一个字词或语句可理解为多种意思的现象。

歧义容易造成误解与误会，比如某甲用某语句想表达 A 意思，某乙却理解为 B 意思。

如果特定语境下某甲的说法可明确解读为特定意思，某乙却理解成另一个意思并据此做论证，则某乙犯了歧义谬误；若某甲的说法无法明确解读、多种解读都合理，则某乙并无犯歧义谬误。

此外，如果某人自己的推理过程中，某词或某句在某处是 A 意思，另一处却是 B 意思，且一旦将某词或某句统一采用固定意义便无法逻辑连贯，则某人犯了歧义谬误。

A stalking horse is a figure that tests a concept with someone or mounts a challenge against someone on behalf of an anonymous third party. If the idea proves viable or popular, the anonymous figure can then declare its interest and advance the concept with little risk of failure. If the concept fails, the anonymous party will not be tainted by association with the failed concept and can either drop the idea completely or bide its time and wait until a better moment for launching an attack.