庇护权或政治庇护，是一种古老的司法概念，此概念认为因政治或宗教信仰不同而被迫害的人可受到其它主权势力的庇护，或许是教堂（中世纪时的圣所），或许是其它国家。政治庇护不应和现代难民法混淆，后者主要负责处理大量人口的流入，而政治庇护则重视个人，且多半是各案分别审查处理，不过两者有时候会重叠，因为难民也可能会要求个人政治庇护。此权源于西方的长期传统—虽然埃及、希腊和希伯来人更早承认此权：笛卡儿往荷兰、伏尔泰往英国、霍布斯往法国（及许多英国贵族在英国内战的时候）诸多此类，各国为遭他国起诉的人提供保护—不过20世纪各国在双边引渡条约的发展危及庇护权，尽管从国际法考量一国并没有义务一定要将被它国声称是罪犯的人交出，因为主权的其中一个要素就是国家对国境内的人有法律上的权限。

The right of asylum (sometimes called right of political asylum, from the ancient Greek word ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical concept, under which a person persecuted by their own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, a foreign country, or church sanctuaries (as in medieval times). This right was already recognized by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Hebrews, from where it was adopted into Western tradition; Descartes went to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, Hobbes to France, and each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners.