These diuretics inhibit sodium reabsorption upstream of the principal cells, which meanis more sodium is delivered downstream to the principal cells.

这些利尿剂阻止主细胞上游钠的重吸收，意味着更多钠被运输到主细胞下游。

Aldosterone increases sodium channels on the lumen side of the principal cell and sodium-potassium pumps on the basolateral side of the principal cells.

它增加主细胞腔面钠离子、钾离子通道和基底面的钠-钾泵的数量。

Now, reabsorption in this area is taken care of by the alpha-intercalated cells, while secretion is controlled by the principal cells.

重吸收依赖于α夹层细胞，分泌由主细胞控制。

Reabsorption in this area is taken care of by the alpha-intercalated cells, while secretion is controlled by the principal cells.

这个区域的重吸收由alpha-闰细胞照看，而分泌由主细胞控制。

Treatment of hyperaldosteronism is usually with potassium-sparing diuretics, especially spironolactone, which competitively binds to aldosterone receptors on the principal and alpha-intercalated cells.

醛固酮增多症的治疗通常使用保钾利尿剂，尤其是螺内酯：其可竞争性结合主细胞及α-闰细胞上的醛固酮受体。

Aldosterone increases the number of sodium channels and the number of potassium channels on the lumen side of the principal cell as well as sodium-potassium pumps on the basolateral side of the principal cells.

醛固酮可以增加主细胞内壁钠通道和钾通道的数量和主细胞外壁钠钾离子泵的数量。

As a result, more sodium enters the principal cells and is available for the sodium-potassium pump, which pumps sodium out into the blood and pumps potassium into the cell, creating a relatively high potassium concentration in the principal cell.

因此，更多的钠进入主细胞，钠-钾泵得以将钠泵入血液，将钾泵入细胞，造成主细胞中相对高的钾浓度。

All that being said, in situations where somebody's unable to produce enough aldosterone, or hypoaldosteronism or adrenal insufficiency, then there's less potassium secretion by the principal cells, and therefore more potassium is retained, leading to hyperkalemia.

也就是说，当人体产生的醛固酮不够时，即出现醛固酮减少症或肾上腺功能不全时，主细胞分泌的钾离子将会减少，因此更多的钾离子留在细胞内，导致高钾血症。

In addition to this, because less sodium is in the distal tubule, less of it moves through the luminal sodium channel into the principal cell and gets pumped over to the other side by the basolateral sodium-potassium pump.

此外，因为远曲小管钠离子减少，通过腔内钠通道进入主细胞然后被钠钾离子泵泵出的的钠离子也会减少。

All that being said, in situations where somebody produces too much aldosterone, like primary hyperaldosteronism, then there's more potassium secretion by the principal cells and excreted, and therefore less potassium is retained, leading to hypokalemia.

说了这么多，在某人产生了太多醛固酮的情况下，比如原发性醛固酮增多症，更多的钾被主细胞分泌并排泄，这意味着更少的钾被保留，导致了低钾血症。

Taken together, a relatively high potassium concentration in the principal cell and a relatively low potassium concentration in the lumen, strengthens the potassium gradient and causes a lot of potassium to get secreted and excreted in the urine - leading to hypokalemia.

总之，主细胞中相对高的钾浓度和管腔中相对低的钾浓度，强化了钾的浓度梯度，造成了许多钾被分泌和排泄入尿液，导致低钾血症。