Turtle shell

Scutes (left) and skeletal components (right) of a turtle's carapace.Scutes (left) and skeletal components (right) of a turtle's plastron Pleurodires have an extra scute known as the intergular. It is absent in cryptodires.

A preserved turtle skeleton showing how the carapace connects with the rest of the skeleton.

Internal anterior carapace of Elseya dentata. Pe = Peripheral, P1 = Pleural 1, BCS = Bridge Carapace Suture.

↑ Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X.
1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340
1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336.
↑ Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686.
↑ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86.
↑ Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917.
1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:.
↑ Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates
↑ Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196.
↑ Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+.
↑ Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4.
↑ Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515.
1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501.
↑ Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14.
↑ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836.
↑ Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119.
1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472.
↑ Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58.
↑ MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015.
↑ Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015.
↑ C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
↑ Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277.
↑ Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X.

[1] Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X.

[rom56-2] 1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press.

[zang69-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340

[twg97-4] 1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336.

[pchp88-5] Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686.

[tg96-6] Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86.

[rhmit77-7] Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917.

[pchpt84-8] 1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:.

[bojanus-9] Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates

[10] Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196.

[11] Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+.

[12] Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4.

[13] Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515.

[.3A0-14] 1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501.

[15] Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14.

[16] Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836.

[17] Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119.

[.3A1-18] 1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472.

[19] Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58.

[20] MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015.

[21] Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015.

[NBIF1-22] C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011.

[kap57-23] Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277.

[mad06-24] Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X.

单词	plastral
释义	plastral /'plæstrɔl/ 英汉-汉英词典 adj. 腹甲的词组 \| 习惯用语您要查找的是不是： plaster n. 灰泥；石膏；膏药 vt. 涂以灰泥；敷以膏药；减轻；粘贴；使平服 pastoral adj. 田园的；宁静的；牧人的；牧师的 n. 田园诗；牧歌；牧函 astral adj. 星的；星际的；精神世界的 postural adj. 姿势的，位置的；心态的网络短语: plastral 地区; 区域; 英语百科 Turtle shell ↑ Lyson, Tyler R.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Bever, Gabe S.; Joyce, Walter G.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Abzhanov, Arhat; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2013-09-01). "Homology of the enigmatic nuchal bone reveals novel reorganization of the shoulder girdle in the evolution of the turtle shell". Evolution & Development 15 (5): 317–325. doi:10.1111/ede.12041. ISSN 1525-142X. 1 2 3 Romer, A.S. (1956) Osteology of the Reptiles. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zangerl, R. 1969. The turtle shell. In: Gans, C., Bellairs, D.d'A. and Parsons, T.A. (Eds). Biology of the Reptilia, Vol 1, Morphology A. London: Academic Press. pp. 311–340 1 2 3 4 Thomson, S., White, A. & Georges, A (1997). "Re-Evaluation of Emydura lavarackorum: Identification of a Living Fossil" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 42 (1): 327–336. ↑ Pritchard, P.C.H. (1988). "A survey of neural bone variation among recent chelonian species, with functional interpretations". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensa 31 (26): 625–686. ↑ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles". Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2: 82–86. ↑ Rhodin, A.G.J. and Mittermeier, R.A. (1977). "Neural bones in chelid turtles from Australia and New Guinea" (PDF). Copeia 1977 (2): 370–372. doi:10.2307/1443917. JSTOR 1443917. 1 2 3 Pritchard, P.C.H., and P. Trebbau. 1984. The Turtles of Venezuela. SSAR Contributions to Herpetology 2:. ↑ Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates ↑ Nagashima, H., F. Sugahara, M. Takechi, R. Ericsson, Y. Kawashima-Ohya, Y. Narita, and S. Kuratani. 2009. Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections. Science 325:193-196. ↑ Wang, Z., J. Pascual-Anaya, A. Zadissa, W. Q. Li, Y. Niimura, Z. Y. Huang, C. Y. Li et al. 2013. The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtle-specific body plan. Nature Genetics 45:701-+. ↑ Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4. ↑ Lee, M. S. Y. 2013. Palaeontology: Turtles in transition. Current Biology 23:R513-R515. 1 2 Li, C., X.-C. Wu, O. Rieppel, L.-T. Wang, and L.-J. Zhao. 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456:497-501. ↑ Kuratani, S. 2011. Evolutionary developmental perspective for the origin of turtles: the folding theory for the shell based on the developmental nature of the carapacial ridge. Evolution & Development 13:1-14. ↑ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Rieppel, Olivier; Wang, Li-Ting; Zhao, Li-Jun (2008-11-27). "An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China". Nature 456 (7221): 497–501. doi:10.1038/nature07533. ISSN 0028-0836. ↑ Lyson, Tyler R., Gabe S. Bever, Torsten M. Scheyer, Allison Y. Hsiang, and Jacques A. Gauthier. 2013. Evolutionary Origin of the Turtle Shell. Current Biology 23:1113-1119. 1 2 Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter. "A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". Nature 523 (7562): 584–587. doi:10.1038/nature14472. ↑ Gilbert, S. F., G. A. Loredo, A. Brukman, and A. C. Burke. 2001. Morphogenesis of the turtle shell: The development of a novel structure in tetrapod evolution. Evolution & Development 3:47-58. ↑ MacCord, Kate; Caniglia, Guido; Moustakas-Verho, Jacqueline E.; Burke, Ann C. (2015-05-01). "The dawn of chelonian research: Turtles between comparative anatomy and embryology in the 19th century". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 169–180. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22587. ISSN 1552-5015. ↑ Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Pascual-Anaya, Juan; Kamezaki, Naoki; Taniguchi, Mari; Mine, Kanako; Kuratani, Shigeru (2015-05-01). "The evolutionary origin of the turtle shell and its dependence on the axial arrest of the embryonic rib cage". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22579. ISSN 1552-5015. ↑ C.H. Ernst, R.G.M. Altenburg and R.W. Barbour. "Terrapene carolina". Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 12 February 2011. ↑ Kaplan, H. M. (1957). "Septicemic, cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles". Proc. Animal Care Panel 7: 273–277. ↑ Mader, D. (2006) Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd ed., Saunders, ISBN 072169327X.
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plastral /'plæstrɔl/

您要查找的是不是：

网络短语:

Turtle shell