佩尔顿式水轮机（又译：佩尔顿水车或伯尔顿式水轮机，英语：Pelton wheel或Pelton Turbine）为冲击式水轮机的一种，它是在1870年代由美国发明家莱斯特·艾伦·佩尔顿所开发。佩尔顿式水轮机是利用水流动并冲击水车时来取得能量，不同于利用水自身重量来带动的传统上射式水车。早在佩尔顿的设计发表前，便已有多种不同的冲击式水轮机版本已经存在，然而它们的工作效率上，比起佩尔顿的设计来的更低。在水离开水车后，水通常仍具有速度，将水车的许多动能一并给浪费掉。佩尔顿的划桨几何设计，使得动轮跑在水射流速度的一半后，仅用极低的速度离开动轮；因此佩尔顿的设计几乎完全截取了水的冲击能量，如此一来便可拥有一部具有高性能的水轮机。

The Pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel. Many variations of impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, but they were less efficient than Pelton's design. Water leaving those wheels typically still had high speed, carrying away much of the dynamic energy brought to the wheels. Pelton's paddle geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at half the speed of the water jet, the water left the wheel with very little speed; thus his design extracted almost all of the water's impulse energy—which allowed for a very efficient turbine.