Marine isotope stage
（重定向自Oxygen isotope stage）
![5 million year history, representing the Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) LR04 Benthic Stack](/Images/godic/202501/31/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg4314.png")
![Sections of sedimentary cores from off Greenland](/Images/godic/202501/31/PS1920-1_0-750_sediment-core_hg4314.jpg")
![A store of core samples](/Images/godic/202501/31/2000_core-repository02_hg4314.jpg")
![Marine core sections from the South Atlantic, about a million years old](/Images/godic/202501/31/Ocean_core_sediments_on_the_Polarstern4314.jpg")
Marine isotope stages (MIS), marine oxygen-isotope stages, or oxygen isotope stages (OIS), are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate, deduced from oxygen isotope data reflecting changes in temperature derived from data from deep sea core samples. Working backwards from the present, which is MIS 1 in the scale, stages with even numbers have high levels of oxygen-18 and represent cold glacial periods, while the odd-numbered stages are troughs in the oxygen-18 figures, representing warm interglacial intervals. The data are derived from pollen and foraminifera (plankton) remains in drilled marine sediment cores, sapropels, and other data that reflect historic climate; these are called proxies.