Database normalization
![An update anomaly. Employee 519 is shown as having different addresses on different records.](/Images/godic/202501/29/Update_anomaly.svg1426.png")
![An insertion anomaly. Until the new faculty member, Dr. Newsome, is assigned to teach at least one course, his details cannot be recorded.](/Images/godic/202501/29/Insertion_anomaly.svg1426.png")
![A deletion anomaly. All information about Dr. Giddens is lost if he temporarily ceases to be assigned to any courses.](/Images/godic/202501/29/Deletion_anomaly.svg1426.png")
Database normalization, or simply normalisation, is the process of organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a relational database to minimize data redundancy.
Normalization involves decomposing a table into less redundant (and smaller) tables without losing information, and then linking the data back together by defining foreign keys in the old table referencing the primary keys of the new ones. The objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of an attribute can be made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database using the defined foreign keys.