形状记忆合金（Shape Memory Alloys, SMA），简称记形合金，是一种在加热升温后能完全消除其在较低的温度下发生的变形，恢复其变形前原始形状的合金材料。除上述形状记忆效应外，这种合金的另一个独特性质是在高温（奥氏体状态）下发生的“伪弹性”（又称“超弹性”，英文 pseudoelasticity）行为，表现为这种合金能承载比一般金属大几倍甚至几十倍的可恢复应变。形状记忆合金的这些独特性质源于其内部发生的一种独特的固态相变——热弹性马氏体相变。

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. This material is a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems. Shape-memory alloys have applications in robotics and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries.