后颌鱼科为辐鳍鱼纲鲈形目的其中一个科。

后颌鱼科其下分4个属，如下：

Opistognathidae, the jawfishes, are a family of fishes classified within the order Perciformes, suborder Percoidei. The family includes about 80 species. They are native to warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, where found from the shallows to depths of a few hundred meters. The species level taxonomy is complex and the family includes several undescribed species.