在量子力学里，双缝实验（double-slit experiment）是一种演示光子或电子等等微观物体的波动性与粒子性的实验。双缝实验是一种「双路径实验」。在这种更广义的实验里，微观物体可以同时通过两条路径或通过其中任意一条路径，从初始点抵达最终点。这两条路径的程差促使描述微观物体物理行为的量子态发生相移，因此产生干涉现象。另一种常见的双路径实验是马赫-曾德尔干涉仪实验。

双缝实验的基本仪器设置很简单，如右图所示，将像激光一类的相干光束照射于一块刻有两条狭缝的不透明板，通过狭缝的光束，会抵达照相胶片或某种探测屏，从记录于照相胶片或某种探测屏的辐照度数据，可以分析光的物理性质。光的波动性使得通过两条狭缝的光束相互干涉，形成了显示于探测屏的明亮条纹和暗淡条纹相间的图样，明亮条纹是相长干涉区域，暗淡条纹是相消干涉区域，这就是双缝实验著名的干涉图样。

The modern double-slit experiment is a demonstration that light and matter can display characteristics of both classically defined waves and particles; moreover, it displays the fundamentally probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomena. A simpler form of the double-slit experiment was performed originally by Thomas Young in 1801 (well before quantum mechanics). He believed it demonstrated that the wave theory of light was correct and his experiment is sometimes referred to as Young's experiment or Young's slits. The experiment belongs to a general class of "double path" experiments, in which a wave is split into two separate waves that later combine into a single wave. Changes in the path lengths of both waves result in a phase shift, creating an interference pattern. Another version is the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, which splits the beam with a mirror.