genome

It's a fundamental property of the genome and of cells, but it's been a little forgotten in the focus on sequence.

"This enabled us to sequence the whole genome within a week, " he said.

In the last few years, biologists have been able to scan the whole human genome for the signatures of genes undergoing selection.

All this represented not a failure, but a dawning realization of just how extraordinarily complicated each genome is.

But for now analysts work with a snapshot of that genome, represented by an arbitrary number of markers spaced along it.

This would explain why the human genome has no trace of Neanderthal DNA despite the two similar species living close together for millennia.

ONE of the great hopes nurtured by the Human Genome Project was that it would crack cancer open.

The Mtb genome is not the only new source of data able to provide insight into the TB bacterium's potential vulnerabilities.

It is unknown how much translational control is exerted by miRNAs on a genome-wide scale.

Mostly lost in the ceremony was the fact that the genome sequence was not truly complete, but only a first draft.

Down's syndrome mice have had a whole human chromosome added to their genome to help researchers learn more about the illness.

The task facing science and industry in coming decades is as at least as challenging as the original deciphering of the human genome.

Later this fall the company plans to release the raw sequence data of the Cannabis indica genome as well as a full genome annotation.

He is stripping out a bacterium, and then refilling it with a synthesised genome to create what he considers to be artificial life.

With the help of a microarray, researchers can query the whole genome at once, rather than just a few genes at a time.

Today researchers can sequence the DNA that constitutes a micro-organism's genome in a few days or even, with the latest equipment, a day.

PCR analysis of the total DNA extracted from transgenic plants has shown that the target gene had been integrated into the rice genome.

Programming bacteria is not new, but there's a limit to how much DNA you can insert into their genome.

Inoculate the tobacco leaf with TMV common strain, sampling in a week and withdraw the whole genome TMV-RNA, reverse it to cDNA.

A post genome challenge is to understand how the code in DNA is converted into the biological processes underlying various cell fates.

And this has been a smooth progression since the beginning of the genome project.

Since the beginning of the human genome project, biological information has increased explosively.

The nations of the world must see that the human genome belongs to the world's people, as opposed to its nations.

Complicating the project is the fact that Drosophila guttifera is little used in research and its genome has not been sequenced.

With this model it is possible to derive new genetic algorithm classes that use mating methods other than the defaults defined for a genome.

And I think it's really the scandal of the Human Genome Project. You know, we went into it thinking, 40 or 50, 000 human genes.

This project will examine the human genome in a detail that has never been attempted - the scale is immense.

Note: * represents the total length of sequenced genome, ND: not determined, TE: transposable element.

It's needless to say that the greatest technical and scientific achievement in 21th century is the success of the Human Genome Project.

A first step for an emerging model organism is usually establishing a reference genome sequence.

These results suggest that genome duplication transforms features of A. borealis in a manner that confers adaptation to a novel environment.

If the human genome were put in a straight line, it would be over six and a half feet long.

Genome is "The total of an individual's genetic material, " including, "that part of the cell that controls heredity" .

The genome could also help farmers avoid Asian soybean rust disease, a highly destructive fungus spread by the wind.

We have previously described human genome variation studies taking place in Mexico, India, Thailand, and South Africa.

The sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2001 whereas that of the chimpanzee genome was finished last autumn.

Despite of a late start, the map of the horse genome has undergone unprecedented expansion during the last few years.

And the researchers showed that the retrovirus did not need to burrow into the adult cell genome at a specific sites.

Searching for the text string "AGAGCTAGCTAGCT" shows the dozens of places that sequence of base pairs shows up in the human genome.

And the decoding of the human genome, contrary to some early expectations, has not led to a burst of new drugs, at least not yet.

And that knowledge, just as with the human genome, might help us gain an ability to manipulate group structures.

George Church, a genome technologist at the Harvard Medical School, said he estimated the cost to sequence Dr. Moore's genome at $2 million.

It is estimated that such a genome would contain up to 40 million bases of new sequences.

So Dr Venter changed tack, and decided to go with a lightly modified version of the entire M. genitalium genome.

One of the greatest promises of genome sequencing projects is to further the understanding of human diseases and to develop new therapies.

The next step is to insert the artificial genome into an empty cell and "boot it up" , creating the world's first fully synthetic microbe.

The past decade, since the completion of the Human Genome Project, has seen two related developments that make it almost inevitable.

Her father, said he wanted the genome research carried out in the hope it might help others.

Its genome is twice as big as that of any other known virus and bigger than that of many bacteria.

He famously put the public project's scientists' noses out of joint by suggesting that they might refocus their efforts on the mouse genome.

BOB DOUGHTY: The researchers placed the genome into a receiving cell of a bacterium called Mycoplasma capricolum.

"Certainly as we move to more whole-genome analyses of mitochondrial DNA, we may be more likely to pick this up, " he said.

With the post-genome era coming, fully automated nucleic acid molecular diagnostic system has been used widely.

Like the Human Genome Project, the Allen Brain Atlases and Spinal-Cord Atlas have helped democratise the scientific landscape.

When the human genome was sequenced in 2001, the hope was that all such questions would be answered.

The Bovine Genome Sequencing Project found that the cow genome contains at least twenty -two thousand genes.

DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic events occurring in human genome and is implicated in cancer.

The human genome becomes just so much code to be bug-tested and optimized and, if necessary, rewritten.

Like the early Apple II of Mr. Jobs, it is too puny for many tasks, including sequencing the entire genome of a person.

Another topic to be addressed in the speech is the human genome in respect to gaining an understanding of an individual's genetic make up.

The evolution of this unique mitochondrial genome structure is not likely due to a single "big bang" event, the authors say.

Analysis of the Avian Bornavirus genome revealed at least five distinct varieties.

The scaling scheme object converts the objective score of each genome to a fitness score that the genetic algorithm a uses for selection.

The main cause of these problems may be attributed to the epigenetic reprogramming of somatic donor genome.

Approximately 16% of the physical length of the mouse genome is estimated to be represented.

there was no bacterial plasmid backbone sequences inserted into MON88017 genome.

Take biology, which uses programs to make sense of the large sets of data reaped from mapping the human genome.

Such precision is one aspect of a field called pharmacogenomics, which seeks to match drugs to a patient's genome.

With these data, the researchers were able to create detailed three-dimensional computer models of the yeast genome.

Then we discuss how the gene expression matrix can be used to predict putative regulatory signals in the genome sequences.

The bacteriophage's genome (entire collection of genes) enters the chromosome of the host bacterium and replicates together with it.

If such regional variation is due to variation in mutation rates, then levels of polymorphism should also vary across the human genome.

Making sense of the raw biological data contained in the human genome sequence is a daunting challenge.

The human genome has accumulated over millions of years of evolution a lot of viral fragments called endogenous retroviral sequences.

For Giardia , such a specific alternative is not so clear-cut, but the genome may provide clues.

And in particular, you've probably all heard the analogy that the genome is like the blueprint of your body.

Since the human genome was sequenced six years ago, the cost of producing a high-quality genome sequence has dropped precipitously .

He enjoyed researching such topics as the Sars genome but felt frustrated that he could not see practical results from his work.

The genome bubble, as some called it, did not leave the microarray industry unaffected.

In certain circumstances heteroplasmy might be regulated at the level of the individual mitochondrial genome.

We have begun a joint program as part of a coordinated international effort to determine a complete human genome sequence.

Strangely, though, Dr. Marcotte did not discover the new genes in the human genome, nor in lab mice or even fruit flies.

The scientists were able to reconstruct only 60% of the total genome.

Reading the genome had required its breakup into thousands of manageable chunks that needed to be reassembled.

Bioinformatics has become a cross subject with the mark of the biological information era after the Human Genome Project set Out in 1990.

One of the signatures of natural selection is that it disturbs the undergrowth of mutautions that are always accumulating along the genome.

This is a great achievement considering that this is a mammalian species with typically complex and repetitive genome.

Methylation is an epigenetic modification to one's DNA that changes a gene's activity, generally reducing that activity within the genome.

Its blueprint is encoded in a region of the human genome in which mutations are associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

However, the end of the human genome project, it is found that the gene encoding the protein of the total genome of about 2%.

Mr Page, Mr Brin and his wife, Ms Wojcicki, have brainstormed with people such as Craig Venter, a biologist who helped map the human genome.

But the borna virus belongs to a kind of virus that has never been found in the human genome before.

Cancer is one of the gene diseases. The genome stability is closely associated with the occurrence of cancers.

A study of the rice genome suggests that the crop was domesticated only once, rather than at multiple times in different places.

The parallel view displays two genome annotations horizontally, synchronized through a panel displaying local alignments as trapezoids.

Researchers have found a small proportion of obese people are born without 30 or so of the estimated 30, 000 genes in the human genome.

Together, these studies are defining a path for pursuit of a more comprehensive characterization of human genome function.

Although PrP(C) is encoded by the host genome, prions themselves encipher many phenotypic TSE variants, known as prion strains.

That scores of genes identified by the National Human Genome Research Institute can be used to predict cardiovascular disease?

Dr Paabo and his colleagues focused their examination, just published in Genome Research, on two parts of the brain.

They then made further modifications to create genetic components or "BioBricks" that can be inserted into a genome.

Despite its small coding content, the dinoflagellate mitochondrial genome is one of the most complex known.

But Rotman speculates that they employ a built-in genome censor, known as the RNA interference machinery.

In other words, they are making a list of DNA that has been lost from the human genome during millions of years of evolution.

As the genome is in constant flux, what normally constrains the number of different genes that an organism can retain?

But the cost is falling so fast that whole-genome sequencing could one day be affordable to anyone who can spit into a cup (see chart).

Human Genome Project and its outcome caused a lot of controversy, is a core issue: whether the gene technology used in eugenics.

Most of these tags uniquely map to the (sense) or - (antisense) strand of the corresponding genome sequence.

The human genome contains thousands of these LTR fragments.

To Darwin's supporters, Mr Ball points out that decoding the honeybee genome still does not explain how the bee makes the honeycomb.

The common wild rice is the wild relatives of the general rice, its genome is the same and the style of the genome is the AA.

Such a genome would have several advantages for synthetic biologists.

A number of miRNA genes were shown to be located in fragile regions of the human genome that are associated with cancer 8.

The scientists assembled the synthetic genome by stringing together chemicals that are the building blocks of DNA.

He worked with just a single cell, the world's smallest known simple organism, inserting a synthetic genome.

Several of the agents that inhibit genome replication are nucleoside or nucleotide analogues , which resemble the building blocks of genes.

The results show that the degree of breaking the cell wall is an important factor to restrict the quality and output of the genome DNA.

Other parts of the genome may have influenced the metamorphosis of the human brain less directly.

'I view this as an organism with a synthetic genome, not as a synthetic organism.

The human genome encodes at least 14 DNA-dependent DNA polymerases--a surprisingly large number.

Ast year , with the Autism Genome Project Consortium, we did an initial study to look at the rate of chromosomal changes in autism .

On page 1921 in this issue, Morrison et al. describe such a genome from the diplomonad protist Giardia lamblia, a human intestinal parasite.

Government officials held up a response for eight months, convinced that the nonexistence of race at the genome level spoke for itself.

The classic approach to determining linkage of a complex trait has involved the technique of genome-wide scanning with microsatellites.

On top of that, the reason for wanting a very small genome started to fade away.

If you're telling me you're going to be the great developer of the map of the human genome, you'd better know what a human genome is.

"I don't know why it's being called the Mexican swine flu, " he said, when, actually, the virus's genome matches a Euro-Asiatic strain.

It was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome.

Drosophila is one of the best experimental material. Its genome consists of 10%~12% transposable elements.

The president praised scientists working with the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics Corporation.

The far larger genome of the microbiome has correspondingly greater capabilities, and complex carbohydrates are no match for it.

Molecular evidence demonstrated that lysine-rich protein gene had been integrated into the genome of transgenic Tremella fuciformis strains.

Discovering the DNA differences that matter is one of the most important pieces of unfinished, business for the human genome project.

There is a wide variation in the amount of these CNV deletions which people have in their genome, with some people having several million.

Recent studies have mapped histone modifications across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome.

The sequencing of the human genome nearly a decade ago set off a second revolution which has started to illuminate the origins of diseases.

The Y chromosome has long been thought of as a stagnant part of the genome, where genes are slowly decaying in males of all species.

By combining the two methods, the researchers were able to scan the entire genome efficiently.

The research on the pathogenesis of these viruses always focuses on the molecular mechanism of replication of genome.

There is now evidence that environmental events can directly modify the epigenetic state of the genome.

When the human genome was sequenced, scientists promised the world that it would make a difference to healthcare.

The human-genome project was an exception to this rule.

destroy its host or be incorporated in the host genome in a state of lysogeny.

Like a linguistic genome, analysts can sift through five million books, and two centuries of text to trace their etymological histories.

Five million bases is 0. 17 per cent of the total human genome length of three billion bases.

The purpose of the Music Genome Project is to make predictions about what kind of music you're going to like next.

An early advocate of the sequencing of the human genome reflects on his own predictions from 1986.

Therefore, profiling DNA methylation across the genome is vital to understanding the influence of epigenetics.

In the latest studies researchers scanned the human genome for small differences between people who have an ASD, and those who do not.

Brief account of the study on omni-genome and problems involved in genes of secondary metabolites synthesis of Actinomycetes were reviewed.

With the successful completion of Human Genome Plan, study of bioinformatics comes into the post genome era.

The power of optical mapping lies in its ability to reveal the size and large-scale structure of a genome.

"We really don't know how to equate differences in genome sequences with the species concept, " he said.

To maximize the value of genome sequences they need to be integrated with other types of biological data and with each other.

Similar rules should also apply to, say, a crop with an artificial genome.

As scientists have sequenced the human genome (the full set of nuclear DNA), they have also identified millions of polymorphisms .

The project is the work of a team from fourteen countries, the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium.

At this time, HIV viral DNA only in the form of a low-key hidden in the cell's genome.

Yet others are so-called "master regulators" , acting as switches to turn genes elsewhere in the genome on or off.

Despite the large number of mapped markers along the pig genome, many chromosomes remain poorly covered.

You're going to have the same chip in there, the same genome, but different software. And the outcome is a different cell type.

The institute was the main contributor to the Human Genome Project, which mapped the complete structure of human DNA.

We cooperated with USDA-ARS in study of resistance mechanism to Aspergillus flavus infection and genome research in peanut.

At the time he was head of America's National Centre for Human Genome Research, part of the country's National Institutes of Health (NIH).

It's not for nothing that scientists are in such a footrace to get the human genome mapped.

They used to do modern Y. pestis genome sequence samples, the plague of the 14th century to complete gene sequencing.

Initially, I put off getting a full-genome scan because I wasn't sure how useful such a test would be.

However, the latest studies found that significant differences could be found scattered throughout the genome s.

A considerable and unanticipated plasticity of the human genome, manifested as inter-individual copy number variation, has been discovered.

Jumping genes -- also called transposons -- are sequences of DNA that move to different areas of the genome within the same cell.

Such a device could also reduce the cost of personalized genome analysis to under $1, 000.

Gene-related patents are the products of the modern biotechnology industry and the Human Genome Project.

The genome screen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) reported in 1994 was the first in a human polygenic disease.

In a separate development, another team reported completing a genome of the organism responsible for late blight.

The majority of the sequence for the human genome is now available.

With the human genome sequence map of completed and the life sciences into a real "genome era. "

Whole genome sequence data are increasingly available for a wide range of human pathogens.

Studies include medical genetics, biochemical techniques, genome mapping, genetic toxicology, and related subjects.

It places annotation tracks beneath genome coordinate positions, allowing rapid visual correlation of different types of information.

Right now, we are not in a position to use genome-wide associations or even selected genome scans for common variants to prognosticate.

With luck, something similar will soon happen in biology in the wake of such things as the Human Genome Project.

The DNA transistor is on track to supply a complete genome sequence within the next few years for less than $1, 000.

"It is not currently possible to compute an organism from its genome, " he wrote, but the modENCODE work will "bring this goal closer. "

The Separatists had developed biological weapons that specifically targeted the identical genome shared by all the clone troopers.

That same year, the first complete mitochondrial genome of a Neandertal was published; five others soon followed.

A search of available genome sequences reveals a limited number of lap genes, which we have classified by phylogenetic analysis.

The bacterium's genome resembles corn in at least one respect.

Classification of the isolated phages was done with the methods of restriction fragment analysis of phage genome and host range analysis.

Biologists offer this analogy as an explanation: if the genome is the hardware, then the epigenome is the software.

We're in the age of the genome, but we can still recognize that it takes much more than genes to make the human.

Codon bias of NAD-ME of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. was significantly different from those of E. coli and yeast genome.

So if I look at a person and I look at a person's genome, it's the same thing.

The research progress in phytoplasma, including etiology, genetic evolution and genome, pathogenic mechanism and control, were reviewed.

Research Interests: Comparative Genome and Molecular Evolution, Animal Genetic Diversity and DNA Molecular Marker, Amphioxus.

ONE of the prospects supporters of the Human Genome Project held out was personalised medicine.

Microarrays provide the opportunity to measure transcription from regions of the genome without bias towards the location of known genes.

Craig Venter has just joined our board and we're doing a rapid genome sequencing prize with him.

Once inside the cell, the tagged genes are inserted into a cell's genome at random.

By the same token, the genome project suggests that scientists, technologists, and politicians must also begin mixing FAR more than they do.

While at a micro level, genome annotation can help to describe the full complexity of gene regulation, variation, and transcript diversity.

"I switched from being interested in genomes to being interested in his genome exclusively, " Dr. Rothberg said.

Other well-known examples of grid computing include the sequencing of the human genome and calculating a million digits of pi.

George Church, a molecular geneticist at Harvard Medical School and a pioneer of whole-genome sequencing, is unpersuaded.

Recent genome analyses reveal a heterogeneous picture of the sex-chromosome-to-autosome diversity ratio in different organisms.

Dr Teeling has been looking at the genome, or genetic code, of bats and comparing it to other organisms, including humans.

Alterations in nucleosome structure affect the accessibility of the DNA and can generate specialized domains of chromatin in the genome.

The argument for a brain-mapping initiative isn't that different from the Human Genome Project.

Replication of methylation patterns by DNA methyltransferases maintains genome stability through cell division.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important evolutionary mechanism in prokaryotic genome evolution and has been widely studied.

Other microbiologists say this type of whole-genome analysis could provide a more complete picture of how infections spread.

The C. elegans genome had just been decoded, and Dr. Bargmann was able to identify the worm's odorant receptor genes.

The PNAS team's work was possible only because the honeybee's genome is one of the few animal genomes that scientists have decoded in full.

Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old growth forest I think is absolutely critical for human health.

Sequencing-based approaches now allow high-resolution, genome-scale investigation of cellular epigenetic landscapes.

Dr. Bernstein said, "This is a resource, like the human genome, that will drive science forward. "

Predisposition is based on interactions between the genome and environmental influences acting through epigenetic modifications.

They have tied their catalog into the human genome sequence, connecting each protein to the gene that contains instructions for making it.

"Before the present work, it was not clear whether the entire foetal genome is represented in maternal plasma, " wrote Lo.

Meanwhile, progress in sequencing the human genome was generating enormous excitement in the bioscience industry.

From now the post genome area on, this new bioinformatics may give novel perspective about living thing, biology and human.

Belgian banana scientists have become skilled in using DNA-transfer to introduce disease-resistance genes directly into the plant's genome.

HBV belongs to Hepadnaviridae with a partially double stranded and circular DNA genome.

Compared to laws likely to govern the brain or genome, the laws of motion discovered by the program are extremely simple.

The zebrafish genome sequencing project has played important roles in mutant mapping and cloning, and comparative genomic research projects.

Some regions of the genome are naturally transcribed into proteins at a high rate, whereas other regions are essentially silent.

This is the year in which technology made it much faster and easier to scan through large portions of an individual's genome.

It may be introduced by genetic engineering into the genome using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens based vector.

The sequence of the DNA fragments is mapped back to the reference genome for determination of the binding sites.

In particular, very few genome-wide studies of the in vivo binding of zinc finger factors have been performed.

G protein-coupled receptors, with more than one thousand members, is the largest and most diverse protein family in the human genome.

Initially, three core courses were developed: Sequence Similarity Search, Genetic Variation, and Human Genome Resources.

China wears its participation in the international Human Genome Project (HGP) like a badge of honour.

The results derived from microbial genomics have been helpful for the studies on human genome projects.

But the Human Genome Project has expanded the prospects for investigating links between diet and genetic predisposition to disease.

ZFN-mediated gene targeting is likely to become a powerful tool for genome research and genetic engineering.

Next up is the parrot genome, which researchers hope to complete by the end of this year.

Calculate the energy needed to support a normal bacterial genome in thousands of copies and the cost is prohibitive.

This major technological breakthrough allowed development of the whole-genome sequencing including analyses of individual human genomes.

Geneticists have yet to decipher the complex code by which epigenetic marks interact with the other components of the genome.

But first, Mister Venter said, they had to de-activate a gene in the receiving cell that would have killed the synthetic genome.

Previous studies showed that there were many sequencing changes in the genome of offspring introgression lines.

At the time, Dr. Lipkin and his colleagues were adapting new genome sequencing machines to virus hunting.

The Web has served as a vital link between researchers and publicly accessible databases of genome information.

Aberration frequencies can be calculated for these datasets, and the data can be visualized on the human genome map with gene annotations.

To put that in perspective, that's seven times more DNA than is found in all the 20, 000 protein-coding genes in the human genome.

As a result, previous scientists had already developed maps of the genome and identified the positions of nucleosomes along it.

The genome "represented thecommon heritage of the human species and should not be encumbered bypatents, " he writes.

A seemingly harmless collection of information from the advancement of the Human Genome Project.

These findings suggest that antisense regulation is a common and important mechanism of gene regulation in the human genome.

Scientists examined several breeds and say the cattle genome appears to show evidence of this selective reproduction.