foreign reserves

China's decision to manage tightly its currency, the renminbi, means it has no choice as to its level of foreign reserves.

The strength and well-being of an economy cannot be measured by how much foreign reserves it holds.

But authoritarian nationalism, backed by massive foreign reserves, may turn out to be simply a phase on the long march to liberal democracy.

As you know that China has huge amounts of foreign reserves - so they need to go out to particularly to the developing economies.

China has about $2. 4 trillion in foreign reserves overall, though it doesn't reveal how much of that is in euro-denominated assets.

China seems to have only two options if it seriously wants to reduce the level of foreign reserves.

Once investors realised that this was unsustainable, capital took flight and the country's foreign reserves dwindled.

Far from a sign of strength, Beijing's accumulation of vast foreign reserves is the side-effect of an economic model too reliant on exports.

Some have advocated a rescue of a different sort, calling for China to use its foreign reserves to bail out the U. S. financial system.

"As China has such large foreign reserves, it is natural for Safe to have more trading departments, " he said.

To offset this extra liquidity, the bank "sterilized" the increase in foreign reserves by selling securities to banks.

Americans would complain less; China's blooming foreign reserves would grow more slowly and, for that matter, inflation would slow down.

During the 1997 crisis, Asia's emerging market economies learnt a painful lesson: do not run out of foreign reserves.

Efforts to recycle foreign reserves out of the country now appear to be concentrated on the QDII programme.

The financial robustness of an economy cannot be measured by the amount of foreign reserves it holds.

The advantage of a fresh SDR issuance is that it immediately augments countries' foreign reserves without needing to be lent.

Lower blasting vibration on the slope and the slope of the foreign reserves of the impact of rock blasting one of the main purposes of.

Finally, allocating foreign reserves is as much a political decision as an economic choice.

The body created to manage the country's $300bn of foreign reserves is expected to make a number of overseas investments.

Russia, for instance, has mountains of foreign reserves, rakes in cash from soaring oil prices, and exports very little to the U. S.

Much of the foreign money it has attracted has gone into inflating share prices or just accumulated unproductively in foreign reserves.

Providing money for a global bailout plan would help end a longstanding debate over how Japan should put its huge foreign reserves to use.

But inflation is under control, foreign reserves have been built up, and it has diversified its commodities trade.

Taken as a whole, their current accounts are in surplus, external indebtedness has been much reduced and foreign reserves are overflowing.

They fear the Obama administration's attempts to spend its way out of recession will erode the value of their foreign reserves.

It also introduced a more robust monitoring system of foreign reserves held by banks. The actions did little to stop the yen from rising.

Since the recent financial downturn, China has been adjusting its investments in foreign reserves to mitigate risks.

The early travails of the CIC are further evidence of the difficulty of managing such large foreign reserves.

A key part of the fund's mandate is to make reasonable returns on its holdings of China's foreign reserves.

Furthermore, in terms of per capita holding of foreign reserves, we continue to rank second in the world, next to Singapore.

Unfortunately, all of these proposals to spend money at home misunderstand the nature of foreign reserves.

Emerging economies' rising foreign reserves therefore push the yen down against the euro, regardless of fair-value calculations.

China's foreign reserves are certainly huge. They add up to an amount equal to about 5-6 % of global gross domestic product.

"It's interesting that even as China's trade surplus is narrowing, the pace of its accumulating foreign reserves has picked up. "

Third, Beijing's nightmares of a sudden fall in the dollar depleting its foreign reserves are overdone.

Its debt-service payments due in 2009 amount to 80% of its foreign reserves, the highest ratio of any big emerging economy.

With more than $2 trillion in foreign reserves, China certainly has the wherewithal to be in the lending business.

China its treasury bursting with foreign reserves and its stock markets surging, is poised for stable growth.

It has such deep foreign reserves that it is capable of doing so.

Friedman proposed, yet again, a common misconception over the meaning of China's huge accumulation of foreign reserves.

Yet the accumulation of large war chests of foreign reserves through currency intervention carried negative externalities.

As China's export growth continues, it will have to keep adding to its foreign reserves, which are now $3. 2 trillion.

The main indicator of a country's intervention in currency markets is its level of foreign reserves.

In accordance with Currency Board principles, changes in the Monetary Base were fully matched by corresponding changes in foreign reserves.

Too large trade surplus and lead to a substantial increase in foreign reserves, resulting in the domestic market of inflation.

On the contrary, China is now the world's second largest economy and its largest exporter, with foreign reserves above $2, 000bn.

The most likely outcome, therefore, is that China will risk almost none of its extensive foreign reserves to rescue the euro.

China, as the holder of the world's largest foreign reserves, has a clear interest in preserving the eurozone's stability.

First, China's enormous foreign reserves mean that no takeover is in principle impossible.

China said in March it was creating an investment vehicle to diversify part of its $1. 2 trillion in foreign reserves.

Too few substitutes for United States Treasuries are available to absorb China's huge foreign reserves.

It is widely believed the currency would appreciate due to persistent trade surpluses and China's abundant foreign reserves.

For Beijing, the slowdown will have important implications for the growth of foreign reserves.

Exchange rate policy considerations are, of course, relevant to how foreign reserves are managed.

It is widely believed that the currency would appreciate owing to persistent trade surpluses and China's abundant foreign reserves.

As a backstop, China's government, with little debt and large foreign reserves, has deep pockets.

They have issued bills and bonds to mop up any rise in base money that would have occurred from the accumulation of foreign reserves.

It has plenty of cash, with foreign reserves alone totalling nearly $140 billion.

Mr Wen's wording on changing the management of foreign reserves was deliberately vague but clear in setting a new path for policymakers.

The State Administration of Foreign Exchange, which sits on China's massive $1, 500bn in foreign reserves, has its own investment office.

Inevitably this has led to an accumulation of foreign reserves.

Far trickier is that, by investing their foreign reserves in each other's markets, Asia's central banks might be concentrating risk.

"Foreign reserves are akin to savings, and their liquidity should be ensured. "

China's soaring external debts in the midst of rapidly increasing foreign reserves appear counter-intuitive.

A fast and steady economic development contributed to the rapid increase of China's foreign reserves, said analysts.

Therefore, the common perception that China makes a loss in their foreign reserves when the yuan appreciates is simply wrong.

With China still tightly managing its currency, this money will end up being warehoused in the country's bulging foreign reserves.

Given its relatively low debt-to-GDP ratio and exceptionally high foreign reserves, the country has a comfortable cushion.

Meanwhile, China will movetodecrease foreign reserves and review excessive investments in dollar assets.

China must realise that its ballooning foreign reserves are a problem.

It has nearly $3, 000bn of foreign reserves, a huge current account surplus and the growing likelihood of having to increase food imports.

The Indian government found itself with foreign reserves that were worth just two weeks' worth of imports.

Before tackling these questions, China's foreign reserves must first be put into perspective.

Gold supply simply doesn't grow as fast as China's foreign reserves. Only the increase in U. S. debt can match that.

Previously expanding foreign reserves have now reversed.

They also have vast foreign reserves to protect them against any future speculative attack.

Revenues from tourism collapsed, putting pressure on the balance of payments and starting a slide in foreign reserves (see chart 1).

Existing issues of Exchange Fund paper, which are already backed by foreign reserves, will be rolled over as and when they mature.

Most of the country's $1. 1 trillion in foreign reserves is believed to be invested in U. S. Treasury bonds.

The larger fluctuations in foreign reserves may affect confidence.

It is now the world's leading exporter and its biggest manufacturer, and it is sitting on more than $2. 5 trillion of foreign reserves.

The country has foreign reserves of more than $250bn and has recently discovered massive oil deposits offshore.

More than 60% of the foreign reserves of central banks and governments are in dollars.

When Mr Putin became president, its GDP was the world's tenth-biggest and foreign reserves stood at $8. 5 billion.

Not only has China's merchandise trade surplus narrowed, but investment income from China's stash of foreign reserves has also dropped.

China has the largest foreign reserves in the world, with an estimated two-thirds of the $3, 197bn total denominated in US dollars.

As China's export growth continues, it will keep adding to its foreign reserves of 3. 2 trillion dollars.

In the absence of more drastic actions, it seems certain China's foreign reserves will top US$2trn within this year.

China, with an estimated $3. 2 trillion in foreign reserves, is seen as potentially a global banker.

Foreign reserves continue rising rapidly.

The increase in foreign reserves represented mainly an increase in the foreign currency component of the Exchange Fund and the Land Fund.

China's $3 trillion in foreign reserves is by far the largest fund, but Brazil, India and South Korea each come in near $300 billion.

There are no exact figures available for the percentage of RMB holdings as foreign reserves worldwide.

Last week it emerged that China was placing $3bn of its $1, 200bn foreign reserves with Blackstone, the US private equity group.

Its foreign reserves glisten at around $1 trillion; households sit on some $15 trillion in assets, half held in cash and bank deposits.

IN NORMAL times a government sitting on $440 billion in foreign reserves would have few cares.

As for the switch in Chinese foreign reserves policy, let us recall what it does not mean.

CIC was established in 2007 with the mandate to invest some foreign reserves in riskier offshore assets.

Now it is using its $2. 3 trillion in foreign reserves to help prop up America's profligacy.

Fifty nine per cent of the world's foreign reserves are held in Asia including Japan.

To make matters worse, the government has stopped publishing timely figures on the banking system and foreign reserves.

China's $3. 2 trillion foreign reserves have been falling for three months despite the trade surplus.

In another indicator that the Chinese central bank released Tuesday, China's foreign reserves leaped by $199 billion in the fourth quarter.

Its foreign reserves were $51bn at the end of January, down more than 10 per cent in three months.

The United States, by contrast, holds only $46. 4 billion of foreign reserves because it prints dollars, the main reserve currency.

China's foreign reserves, which now exceed $3 trillion, are the largest in the world.

The country's foreign reserves, by any measure, are needlessly large.

But with public debt at 42% and over $200 billion in foreign reserves, Thailand can afford further stimulus.

Libya's foreign reserves were frozen after war broke out this year.

In recent years, no secret, Beijing has built up a vast treasury of foreign reserves of some $2. 4 trillion.

Swiss foreign reserves at 50 per cent of gross domestic product are also excessive.

For each dollar or euro of foreign reserves there is the equivalent amount of yuan debt.

Beijing has intervened on a massive scale to hold the yuan at 6. 83 to the dollar, pushing China's foreign reserves to $2. 3 trillion.

China's foreign reserves are certainly huge.

The country has been running a large trade surplus in recent years and now has an estimated $6 billion in foreign reserves.

The country's net foreign reserves still nearly equal its GDP.

These capital losses could be high in countries such as China and Malaysia, which have high foreign reserves.

As a result, the coins in circulation are all fully backed by foreign reserves.

It still accounts for nearly two-thirds of all foreign reserves.

China is expected to keep buying the metal quietly to diversify its foreign reserves, gold industry sources in China believe.

Emerging markets now own $5, 000bn in foreign reserves and are much less dependent on foreign loans.

and by far the world's highest per capita cache of foreign reserves.

Japan has the world's second-largest foreign reserves, after China, at more than $1 trillion.

With around $500bn, Russia has the world's third-largest foreign reserves, after Japan.

It also wants the government to use India's foreign reserves to form a $4bn fund to support the sector.

There are already signs, such as shrinking foreign reserves, that money is trickling out of China.

Last week China announced its foreign reserves now stand at $1, 434bn.

The first problem is that the foreign reserves are, indeed, foreign.

It is sitting on foreign reserves worth $3 trillion.

And when those assets are foreign currency assets, the amount of foreign reserves held in the Exchange Fund also comes down.

Then you have several hundred trillion in financial assets, comprised of foreign reserves, stocks, Zaito debt and FILP deposits.

About 20-odd per cent of the country's $3, 200bn in foreign reserves are denominated in euros.

We all know that the Mainland has been accumulating a large amount of foreign reserves.

It grew at 10. 6 per cent and accounted for half the economic output and more than half the foreign reserves.

The US is running a budget deficit of 12 per cent of GDP. The Chinese are sitting on the world's largest foreign reserves.

In April, foreign reserves grew by $74. 5 billion, to a total of $1. 8 trillion.

Consider Asian central banks, with their total of $5, 000bn in foreign reserves.

Its foreign reserves, the world's largest, are now over $2, 000bn.

Foreign reserves of $380 billion mean there is enough money to pull through.

Foreign reserves in China rose $350 billion in the first half of the year.

This, after all, is a country that is sitting on more than $2, 500bn worth of foreign reserves.

China's foreign reserves increased by $197bn in the first quarter to $3, 050bn, exceeding the symbolic $3, 000bn mark for the first time.

"This is the biggest such gap on record, and the biggest rise in China's foreign reserves on record, " Subbaraman says.

He felt that China on the financial front, because it is based, and cash flow is very good, there are so many foreign reserves.

China's foreign reserves surpassed Japan's last year to become the world's largest and reached $1, 066bn by the beginning of 2007.

The fund, which has responsibility for $200bn of China's vast foreign reserves, registered a 17 per cent gain last year.

In the final quarter of last year, foreign reserves jumped by $199bn to $2, 850bn, the biggest rise ever, to keep the currency down.

Last year alone China's foreign reserves increased by $450 billion, to total $2. 4 trillion.

Hong Kong remains the third largest foreign reserves holder in the world, after Japan and Mainland China.

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