electron

A fundamental rule which must be obeyed in placing two or more electrons in the orbits of an atom is the exclusion principle.

The result was a flow of electrons around the edge of the material, like skaters circling the perimeter of an ice rink.

When the total number of protons equals the total number of electrons, the body as a whole is electrically neutral.

On this basis, that the only particles in nature are electrons and protons, it seemed to me that the holes would have to be the protons.

The electrons carry the negative charge, the protons carry the positive charge. That was all that was needed.

As far as a whole is concerned, the body is electrically neutral, when the total number of protons equals the total number of electrons.

In the simplest setup, the size of the current reveals the density of electrons in the surface, allowing it to be mapped out.

Electrons, being waves as well as particles, produce a diffraction pattern when transmitted through a crystal.

Some of these electrons travel through the DNA forest and are fed into a device that measures their spin polarization.

Just as the planets revolve about the sun, planetary electrons are thought of as revolving about the nucleus.

Much of visible light reaching us from the solar corona also seems to be due to scattering by electrons.

The conduction electrons associated with the iodine can move along the chains as if they were long thin wires.

The net charge of a body might be described by a statement of the excess number of electrons or protons in the body.

He compared the early scientific understanding of phonons with that of understanding electrons and photons behind electricity and light.

This requirement is equivalent to being able to treat the electrons as if they were free.

Each shockwave acts as a particle accelerator, increasing the speed of electrons within the plasma to near that of light.

All that glitter is not gold, but at least it contains free electrons.

They "rely on plasmons , ripples in the oceans of electrons at the surface of every object, to achieve their effect. "

He said boldly that the holes had to have the same mass as the electrons.

Now that the zippy electrons are ready to roll, when can we expect the spin superhighway to make it to the chips in our laptops?

The wires transport electrons from bacteria in deeper, oxygen-poor sediments to bacteria in oxygen-rich mud near the surface.

The bond in which the linkage pair of electrons are provided by one of the bonding atoms.

As is shown in Fig. One, an atom consists of a nucleus and a number of electrons.

When the number of protons in an atom equals the number of electrons, the atom itself has no overall charge, it is neutral.

As the spin-polarized electrons flow through the domain wall, they move the domain wall along the nanowire one atom at a time.

This means that when it reacts with the acid, it tends to lose some of its electrons.

The influence of a uniform electric field on the motion and energy of the electrons in atoms is known as the Stark effect.

A high-energy electron which penetrates into the metal atom may dislodge one of the inner electrons of that atom.

The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel intersects the established path.

They work by applying a current to two layers of semiconductor, which creates a flow of electrons and releases energy in the form of light.

Thanks to its low temperature and that nanometer gap, pairs of electrons could flow between the two plates without friction.

In a good lasing material, electrons that are pumped up with energy release that energy in the form of coherent photons of light.

Your body, you know, is simply an aggregation of millions upon millions of protons and electrons, held together by mind.

In an ordinary atom the number of protons is the same as that of electrons . Clustered together with these protons are neutrons.

An extraction voltage at the emitter extracts electrons which are accelerated toward the inner wall by an acceleration voltage.

As they absorb energy, their electrons move up to higher energy levels, tending to accumulate at certain metastable levels.

The flow of electrons in an electrical circuit is called current.

Electrons that encounter this increased magnetic field are repelled back along the same magnetic field line rather than allowed to escape.

For decades physicists had been building up their theory of matter entirely in terms of electrons and protons.

And this mathematical approach led directly to the conclusion that the holes would have to have the same mass as the electrons.

But a magnesium atom would carry two electrons, so a battery storing a given amount of energy could be nearly halved in size and weight.

According to quantum mechanics, electrons don't have well-defined orbits around atoms, as the planets do around the sun.

When atoms were first proved to exist (and that was a mere century ago), they were thought to be made only of electrons and protons.

When struck by light, the electrons in an atom of silver vibrate in a way that causes them to radiate small amounts of light themselves.

These tiny semiconductors inject electrons into a metal oxide film, or "sensitize" it, to increase solar energy conversion.

The infrared light bumps electrons off a substrate, and these electrons can be detected and amplified into a signal.

When the trapped electrons are far apart, they do not interact strongly, and so behave somewhat like an array of isolated negative charges.

Graphene is one of the likeliest materials to replace silicon in computer processing, because electrons travel through graphene much faster.

Each tiny atom of any element contains a nucleus around which rotate a certain number of electrons .

A neutron has no appreciable electromagnetic interaction with nuclei or with electrons .

The Earth behaves like an huge electric armature negatively charged, which repels the electrons and attracts the positive ions.

Each of the four valency electrons of the carbon atom is shared with one of a hydrogen atom.

These could store programs and process information by means of light - pulses from tiny lasers - rather than electrons.

An atom consists of a nucleus and a number of electrons, the latter circling round former at a high speed.

When scientists apply a voltage to the finger, electrons can hop between it and the surface through a process called quantum tunneling.

The total rate at which recombination is occurring is certainly proportional to the number of electrons times the number of ions.

Elements consist of atoms that consist of a nucleus of positive protons, neutral neutrons, and a shell of electrons.

Electrolytes produce electrons and while under charge, the electrons move between the plates discharging energy in the form of volts.

Heavier nucleus was believed to be formed of a number of protons and electrons packed closely together.

Light hitting the proteins produces a pair of free radicals, highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons.

A clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms burst out through the corona into space lighting it up like a Catherine Wheel.

When electrons or photons in a beam pass through the two slits, they act as waves and produce an interference pattern on the wall.

Electrons prised from those ions make a similar journey, but do so in an external circuit, usually through a wire.

Electrons or any other "particle" should display wave properties to preserve the complementary wave-particle symmetry of nature.

The obvious way to go about this task is to send electrons through an electric field and see whether they twist and turn.

At sufficiently high temperatures considerable number of electrons are able to escape.

Carbon dioxide has a moment where its electrons are not distributed evenly among the molecule, called its quadrupole moment, Hupp said.

a mere century ago, when atom was proved to be exist, scientists thought that the atom was made of only electrons and protons.

Electrons are a useful model that explains observations like tracks in a cloud chamber and the spots of light on a television tube.

At this pressure it is found that the mean free path for electrons of a few volts energy is of the order of 1cm.

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule.

The gain of electrons by an atom leads to the formation of a negative ion.

In the case of atoms, information is represented by nudging electrons to different energy states, often by exciting them with a laser.

To do this, the bugs need access to the oxygen in seawater to carry away the electrons produced as the sulphide is broken down.

The positive ions are drawn to a second electrode, via a membrane or electrolyte that will not allow electrons to pass through.

The electrons knocked free at the surface of the cell, however, were not being carried away in this manner.

Such trial functional will be useful in clarifying the quantum behaviors of a few electrons in nanostructures.

The sun provides the positive charge and the stored electrons provide the negative charge to complete the electrical circuit with the sun.

An object is positively charged if it has a shortage of electrons , it is negative if it has a surplus of electrons .

"The thermal wave squeezes electrons out of the nanotubes like a tube of toothpaste, " Strano explained.

This is not entirely frivolous; a strong magnetic field. for instance, can constrain electrons to move only along the field lines.

If the electrons were simply leaking from one place to another, like water going through a hole, the behavior would be completely different.

They theorize it involves a "runaway breakdown" of the air, in which electrons escape their normal bonds and gain very large energies.

In it, tiny quantities of metal self-assemble into a filament as electrons are added to the metal ions.

Since all compounds are electrically neutral, there also must be a species in the oxidation-reduction reactions that gains electrons.

According to this model, when a photon hits the compass, entangled electrons are scattered to different parts of the molecule.

Rather, he found the energies of the emitted electrons to be independent of the intensity of the incident radiation.

Cellphones emit non-ionizing radiation, which has enough energy to cause atoms in a molecule to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons.

resonance of electrons or atoms or molecules or nuclei to radiation frequencies as a result of space quantization in a magnetic field.

This free baseband has a paired electrons, is in an unstable state, have the characteristics of easily from chemical reaction.

The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

A plasmon is an electronic surface wave that rolls through the sea of conduction electrons on a metal.

Thus there must be a positively charged part of the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons.

It is usual to consider electric current as a flow of electrons from one point to another through a medium, or even through a vacuum.

The system can be used to investigate the momentum distribution of electrons in atoms.

The core of the star gets compressed so much that the protons and electrons within it combine to become neutrons.

Usually this happens by exposing minerals to agents that rip away electrons, just as oxygen does during oxidation.

The various radiation phenomena in solar flare show that great number of energetic electrons can be created in such explosive events.

The presence of unpaired electrons suggested that the foam should have magnetic properties as well.

The double slit experiment was much like this, except, instead of bowling balls, you use electrons, which are billions of times smaller.

Opening certain channels causes electrons to flood out of the cell, producing enough electricity to stun the eel's victim.

Electrons move round the nucleus as the earth moves round the sun.

The force that causes electrons to move around a circuit is called electromotive force .

Then along came atomic clocks, following the beat of quantum mechanics, the laws that govern the energies of electrons bound to nuclei.

Because of the iron atoms, ferritin molecules are able to scatter a beam of electrons and thus can be visualized in electron microscope.

Oxidation : A reaction in which the atoms in an element lose electrons and the valence of the element is correspondingly increased .

Researchers around the world are working to develop electronics that utilize the spin of electrons to read and write data.

Insulators permit only a slight motion of electrons; therefore, electrostatic charges can build up on a material and create hazards.

For the last 100 years, they have done that mostly by making and breaking the strong covalent bonds that form when atoms share electrons.

The bundle of light energy made the inner electrons shudder so violently they broke out of their atomic prisons.

Once the charge is powerful enough, an invisible flow of electrons flows from the cloud to the ground in a zig-zag pattern.

When a metal is brought into contact with an n-type semiconductor, electrons will flew from the semi-conductor to the metal.

Bipolar - Transistors that are able to use both holes and electrons as charge carriers .

A simple method is described to determine the effective gas path length when incident electrons scatter in the gas above the specimen.

When neutrinos interact with electrons or nuclei of those water or oil molecules, they give off a flash of light that sensors can detect.

These procedures reduce the number of electrons in the upper band, which minimizes their reabsorption of light.

shallow electrons trap dopants can prolong the decay time of free electrons and shallow-trapped electrons, ie. prolong their lifetime.

When some metals are cooled nearly to absolute zero, the electrons in them form hard-to-break "Cooper pairs" that flow without resistance.

The electrons forming the image must be emitted by the specimen to be observed.

Solar cells work because visible and ultraviolet light are powerful enough to knock electrons free from atoms.

A simple and useful characterization of the outer electrons in an atom is the idea of valence .

The properties of an electride depend largely on the distance between the cavities that hold trapped electrons.

acted by the accelerated electrons , the materials of carbon source were taken the form of plasma in the chamber.

He aims to build an optical-based information processor in which beams of light would transfer information to the nucleus through electrons.

These positrons then come into contact with electrons in the body, and the two annihilate, releasing two gamma-ray photons.

These days America fights not in a fog of war but, as one senior air force officer puts it, in a "huge cloud of electrons" .

The direction of an electric current was decided before electrons were discovered.

Although most of the space in an atom is occupied by electrons, almost all of the atom's mass is in the protons and neutrons.

Each atom normally has the same number of electrons revolving about the nucleus as it has protons in the nucleus.

Firstly, we research electronic states and FIR spectroscopy of two electrons in quantum rings in a magnetic field.

The vacant place is taken by one of the outer electrons which thus leaps from an outer to an inner "shell" .

The first suggestion that electrons might have wavelike properties was made by L. de Broglie in 1924.

The liberation of electrons from a hot wire is called thermionic emission .

Neutral Atom has no charge, because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Once the collision is over, the orbits return to their normal shape, and electrons have to absorb energy to stay in the new higher orbit.

When an ion contacts the surface it acquires electrons.

A covalent bond formed by a shared pair of electrons (see bond).

One of the most important of these is a fluctuation in the density of electrons and other electrically-charged particles in the ionosphere.

The researchers found that when electrons flowed through the tube, they scattered when they came close to the particle.

A second laser blast collides with the first, popping electrons out of the plasma.

The pressure that makes electrons flow along wires is called "voltage" .

They rotate and accelerate electrons in their vicinity to close to the speed of light.

When the current applied by the gate is high enough, electrons flow through the channel between the source and drain electrodes.

An electron generator can be positioned within the vacuum chamber for generating electrons.

Electrical insulators are materials that are most resistant to the flow of electrons through them.

The electrons contributed by NADH molecules passed down the electron transport chain, activating three proton-pumping channels.

Some of these positive charges are then satisfied by electrons blowing in from wire B.

Whenthecurrent passes through this mixture, it jostles the electrons there just as electrons abovethepolesare jostled by solar particles.

The elements involved in an electrochemical reation are characterized by the number of electrons each has.

tunnelling of the electrons which operate the field-effect transistor components of each on-chip CMOS device.

Electrons also flow in a television, where they are made to hit the screen, causing a flash of light.

Every substance in the world. no matter how different it may seem from any other substance. is made partly of electrons.

The soft blue spheres and split clouds seen in the images show two arrangements of the electrons in their orbitals in a carbon atom.

A pair of electrons shared between two atoms in a covalent bond.

As the electrons move through the magnetized nebula, they radiate away their energy and create the elaborate nebula seen by Chandra.

neutral, there also must be a species in the oxidation-reduction reactions that gains electrons.

Some of the electrons are stopped by the target and their kinetic energy is converted directly to X-radiation.

This could lead to a new generation of nanoscale devices that can manipulate noise, just as existing devices manipulate electrons.

Electrons stripped from the gas molecules in Martian air would be accelerated by the electric fields.

Using sunlight to ship electrons, they split water molecules and combine the resulting hydrogen with carbon dioxide extracted from the air.

The field curves the electrons' trajectories, even turning them into helices if it is strong enough.

The researchers used their laser pulses to rip away negatively charged electrons attached to molecules in the air around thunderstorms.

The electrons in the atom gained spare energy in the state of stimulus, while they discharge spare energy when it returns back.

When an atom loses one or more electrons it acquires a positive charge and is known as a cation.

Electronic devices do not have movingparts, but do their work by means of small flows of electrons.

The electric current is defined as a stream of electrons flowing through a conductor.

Applying this method, study is done on the inherent law of molecular electrons transition among various energy levels.

The changing magnetic field would force the electrons to oscillate, too, but would not allow them to radiate heat.

In an insulating material, nearly all the electrons will return to their normal position instantly the high voltage is removed.

The images were made with a scanning electron microscope, which uses beams of electrons to trace the surfaces of objects.

Low- energy level electrons access to the high-energy level needs energy; the structure of galaxies in greater system is as well.

The tube consists of a light-sensitive cathode that emits electrons in proportion to the photons striking it.

More importantly, electrons current flow from a region of high voltage to one of low voltage.

Why have all this [overhead] when you can just send electrons around easily?

During recharging, electrons are forced round the circuit in the opposite direction, and the ions, perforce, return whence they came.

It may not be clear why two electrons should be permitted in each quantum state rather than just one.

Between the two ends of the wire, there is a potential difference, making the electrons flow along the wire.

When electrons jump between these energy levels, they absorb and emit light of particular frequencies.

Electrons that were deprived of their energy in favour of electromagnetic radiation go back to the resonators and get inhibited there.

Channeling electrons within the air, she can ignite an electric spark that will jump from foe to foe.

Whenever gas absorbs light, electrons within the atoms jump from a low energy state to a higher one.

Electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom and are easily broken away.

As electrons are passed from one carrier to another in the system, protons are pumped across the membrane.

6B. Resistance is always present in every circuit because all conductors oppose the flow of electrons to some extent.

MMS produces a small amount of ClO2 gas that rips electrons out of viruses and bacteria causing the viral structure to collapse.

Using a laser, the team made measurements of the motion of these electrons.

is placed between the plates, chemical actions take place that remove electrons one group of plates and mass them at the other.

Physicists visualize the states that electrons can have in a solid as bands of different energy forming a ladder of unevenly spaced rungs.

Some radioactive substances emit positrons, the antiparticles to electrons, and are used in PET (positron-emission tomography) scans.

When the X-rays reach the cloud, they collide with iron atoms, kicking out electrons that are close to the atomic nucleus.

The remaining electrons form a shell around the atom's nucleus.

A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number .

Called topological insulators, these materials conduct electricity by harnessing a quantum-mechanical property of electrons called spin.

The carriers in the material can be characterized by properties in many ways comparable to those of free electrons under vacuum.

These fine protein filaments could shuttle electrons back and forth, allowing communities of bacteria to act as one super-organism.

The incoming streams of solar protons and electrons are affected by the earths magnetic field in a complicated way.

These free electrons usually do not move in a regular way.

At absolute zero, a pure semiconductor has all of its electrons tightly bound and ACTS as an insulator.

Metallic bonds are the attraction between positive metal ions and surrounding, freely mobile electrons.

MIT researchers fill up the lower-energy state with extra electrons from phosphorous atoms, which they add to the germanium.

An atom consists of a cloud of electrons surrounding a small, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons.

Comets glow proportional to the amount of protons and electrons interacting within the circuit.

Electrons are physically ( mechanically ) separated and transported to increase their electric potential.

the familiar particles of matter , such as electrons and protons , condensed out of the radiation like water droplets in a cloud of steam.

The atomic number represents the number of nuclear protons or, in the undisturbed state, the number of extranuclear electrons.

Despite each superconductor's relatively large size, the electrons within move together in a naturally coherent way.

Now consider what happens when one of these same electrons arrives at the 0-1 domain and crosses it.

In the outer area of the sheath is the main plasma area where the densities of electrons and ions are equal.

A body is a poor conductor compared to copper wire, so there's no reason for electrons to take a detour through the bird.

The rapid variability points to ultrarelativistic electrons acting via a synchrotron process as the probable X-ray source.

The repulsion between the electrons makes it energetically more favorable for the electrons to avoid each other.

Electrons, which orbit atomic nuclei and give atoms their distinctive characters, are also considered fundamental particles.

The electrons used to sustain the energy come from the light driven water oxidation.

Sealed inside a glass tube, a stream of electrons carried a current through a vacuum between electrodes.

Most of the chemical reactions that we have been studying involve shifts in the location of electrons.

Therefore, the researchers had to invent a technique that supplied electrons to their enzyme model in a slow and continuous way.

Longitudinally polarized electrons are the electrons with spin and momentum pointing in the same direction.

The aromatic hydrocarbon structures in kerogen carry free electrons stabilised by the resonating bonds of benzene rings .

Electrons irradiated by weak X rays show individual behavior, while they show weak correlated collective behavior with increasing intensity.

Normally, almost all the electrons remain in the lower energy band, or bucket, leaving the upper band nearly empty.

In this method, the circuitry pattern is written on a thin polymer film with a beam of electrons.

jolt electrons orbiting those phosphorus atoms into what is known as a Rydberg state.

The key points of the electrons transfer are elucidated, which provides new ideas for developing new and efficient anode materials.

The latest research showed that electrons - sub electronic particles - move quickly through the thin substance.

The only way to change the velocity of the electrons was to use a different color of light.

As with the electron transport system, electrons are passed from one carrier to another and protons are passed across the membrane.

When electric currents (electrons) are passed through positively-charged gasses (protons and neutron nucleuses) inside bulbs.

The laser light interacts with the object's electrons, making the atoms vibrate and shifting the energy of the laser photons up or down.

So, instead of using electrons, Dr Hinds and his colleagues chose to work with molecules of ytterbium fluoride, a highly ionic substance.

But if the circuit is "complete" or "closed" , then the magnet's pumping action can force the electrons of the coil to begin flowing.

Synchrotrons are machines that accelerate subatomic particles ( in this case electrons) in a circle.

In fact, it does not change any measurable quantity of the two electrons considered by themselves.

Form the computed results, the characteristics of the motion and the energy absorbed by the electrons were analyzed.

This result confirms that the electrons deliver to the target the kinetic energy acquired during their acceleration.

Bipolar Junction Transistor Text Holes are positive current carriers, whereas electrons are negative current carriers.

The negative electrons remain in the system, so that it is electrically neutral as a whole.

Fundamentally, redox reactions are a family of reactions that are concerned with the transfer of electrons between species.

These are the key components in a battery that allow the movement of electrons across the electrolyte, thus generating power.

On this picture, electrons and protons will be analogous to molecules: they are made up of something more basic, but they still exist.

After all, the atoms of the metal are made half of positively-charged protons, and half of negative electrons.

The electrons flow from the anode through a wire to the cathode producing an electric current.

that, in a metal, the outer atomic electrons, known as the valence electrons since they are the ones which take part in chemical binding.

This forces the freed electrons to travel to the second electrode through a wire, creating an electric current.

By free electrons we mean some particles charged negatively and being free to move from atom to atom within a conductor.

Beams of electrons can help clean water and air by breaking down pollutants into different molecular compounds.

the medium is a solid--in which case the electrons If are more tightly packed--the electron flow will be slower.

Furthermore, all the whirling electrons cannot explain why a certain neuronal configuration results in our seeing blue rather than red.

All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms, which are themselves composed of smaller particles, electrons, neutrons and protons.

Even in an insulator the electrons can move about without leaving their parent atoms or molecules.

We explored spin-orbit coupling and electric-field effects on the traversal time for electrons through ferromagnetic tunneling junctions.