exchange reserves

With large capital inflows and a current account surplus, China's foreign exchange reserves have continued to rise rapidly.

On that day Thailand ran out of foreign-exchange reserves trying to defend its currency from a huge speculative attack.

The optimization manage of the foreign exchange reserves is not just a problem of how-much, but a problem of structure.

China holds most of its foreign-exchange reserves in dollars and the total amount seems to keep rising.

Not to be forgotten too, he said, was the fact that many of these countries, China in particular, had huge foreign exchange reserves.

He said China will watch developments while continuing to diversify and strengthen risk management of its foreign-exchange reserves.

Just like the U. S. in 1930, China has massive foreign-exchange reserves and starts the recession in a very strong trade position.

China's exchange reserves did not keep up with its current account surplus between July and September.

Asian countries have the ammunition for such a fight after amassing record foreign exchange reserves since the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

Foreign Exchange Reserves indicators for the net outflow of hot money did not provide evidence of China's point of view.

Mr Wen also said he was worried about the safety of the huge amount of China's foreign exchange reserves invested in US government bonds.

These commodity funds account for almost two-thirds of the total, but funds investing foreign exchange reserves have been growing faster.

"But when the foreign exchange reserves are going up, keeping these priorities is not enough, " he said.

Third, in most countries the build-up of foreign-exchange reserves has not hugely pushed up the growth of money and inflation.

Central banks across Asia have continued to amass foreign exchange reserves at a remarkable pace.

Beijing, it's true, has tried to slow down its rapid accumulation of foreign exchange reserves over the last couple of years.

From the point of view of the buyer of the foreign exchange reserves, this transaction is a de facto redemption.

China's National Bureau of Statistics said yesterday the country should speed up the diversification of its foreign exchange reserves.

This paper proposes some policy suggests respond to excessive foreign exchange reserves in the light of the empirical analysis.

This will boost the foreign exchange reserves of every country.

In recent years, China's total (foreign exchange reserves) continued to grow.

The smaller trade surplus, if it is sustained, would tend to slow the rate that foreign-exchange reserves accumulate.

And by reducing the need for countries to set aside foreign exchange reserves, it would also facilitate some reduction in global imbalances.

This thesis bases on existing research and further study the scale of China's foreign exchange reserves by an empirical analysis.

With its rich foreign-exchange reserves, China is better positioned than other export-driven economies in Asia to weather a global slowdown.

Making available a slush fund formed from the country's foreign exchange reserves might at least ease the pain when they overpay.

The country is running just a mild budget deficit and boasts the world's biggest foreign exchange reserves.

Grain and foreign exchange reserves continued to grow.

Foreign exchange reserves -- central bank holdings of foreign currencies -- have risen sharply since the crisis.

Other G-20 members had wanted foreign-exchange reserves to be included as a warning signal, but that didn't make it into the final list.

He has some simple advice for the funds being set up in Asia on the back of soaring foreign exchange reserves.

India, like several Asian countries, holds relatively little gold in proportion to its foreign exchange reserves.

Like the ballooning trade surplus, soaring FDI has become a key source of foreign exchange reserves that China accumulates rapidly.

One of the defining trends in markets this decade has been the extraordinary growth in global central banks' foreign exchange reserves.

SAFE, with its mandate to manage foreign exchange reserves, has adopted a far racier investment style in recent months.

Thanks to its trillions in foreign exchange reserves, China can offer loans at highly competitive interest rates.

In light of the huge foreign-exchange reserves China has, Beijing has encouraged its banks to invest more overseas.

within a few years the dollar also had the lion's share of the world's foreign-exchange reserves.

At the other extreme lies China-with huge foreign-exchange reserves, and a current-account and budget surplus.

Some analysts have pointed to other signs that China may be channeling more of its new foreign-exchange reserves into Europe.

As its foreign exchange reserves of almost $2, 500bn attest, Beijing intervenes on a far greater scale than any other country.

Foreign exchange reserves do not offer the clean, decisive solution so many have sought for China's banking problems.

Meanwhile, Chinese exports are keeping US consumers spending and its foreign exchange reserves are plugging the US current account deficit.

China's trade surplus is the main driver of foreign-exchange reserves, as the central bank buys foreign currency brought home by exporters.

On the other, world markets are a-twitter over the prospect of China's foreign exchange reserves being switched into global equities.

Established in 2007 to invest a $200 billion chunk of China's foreign-exchange reserves, CIC had a rough start with its initial investments.

With its huge foreign-exchange reserves, strong revenues and low deficit, China still has the wherewithal to prop up its banks.

The BRICS' contributions to the proposed pool will be decided by size of each country's foreign exchange reserves, Mantega said.

It is neither realistic nor fair to set the scale of contribution simply by the size of foreign exchange reserves.

We have been awed by its mountainous foreign exchange reserves and by its ability to power ahead in a global downturn.

The main contents of this paper are divided into two parts: the use and the risk management of China's foreign exchange reserves.

The sliding dollar has presented custodians of the world's massive foreign exchange reserves with a conundrum.

With more than three-trillion dollars in foreign-exchange reserves, China is looking at other types of investments, too.

China now holds more than $3 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, most of that in dollars.

Official foreign exchange reserves are also rising quickly as a result of currency interventions.

Argentina's central-bank governor argues that the "accumulation of foreign-exchange reserves is a powerful instrument of self-insurance. "

The property "bubbles" in Shanghai and Beijing were good examples - a fixed currency, rising foreign exchange reserves and no sterilization.

Foreign exchange reserves as the central bank's foreign debts and the RMB were in match in the central bank's balance sheet.

Is China's accumulation of foreign exchange reserves merely the unwanted by-product of an export-oriented exchange rate policy?

Yet the really big sources of foreign exchange reserves are not in Europe but Asia, particularly Japan and China, and in the Middle East.

Most economists say, "yes. " As evidence, they point to China's massive foreign-exchange reserves and its huge trade surplus.

As many of these economies are operating at or near potential with adequate foreign exchange reserves, more controls seem likely.

China practices diversification of its foreign exchange reserves to ensure their security.

To invest any meaningful share of its foreign exchange reserves in this way, China would have to become the biggest player in the US market.

Significant depreciation of the dollar trend, countries (U. S. dollars) foreign exchange reserves, will bear the brunt of face shrink.

To protect themselves in future, they started to run current-account surpluses and to amass foreign-exchange reserves.

China's large current-account surpluses and the continued growth in its foreign-exchange reserves are evidence supporting this view.

Devaluation would allow Latvia's foreign-exchange reserves to go further and perhaps tempt back nervous investors.

Lack of capital in Anglo-Saxon economies and massive foreign exchange reserves in the developing world are two sides of the same coin.

In addition to protecting the value of existing foreign exchange reserves, China should try to stop increasing foreign exchange reserves.

The nation is awash in cash, in part the domestic counterpart of its trillion dollars of foreign exchange reserves.

Central banks hold most of their foreign-exchange reserves in dollars, a boon for America that has allowed it to issue debt more cheaply.

Economists have therefore puzzled over why they build-up such foreign exchange reserves at all.

The emerging economies, with bulging foreign exchange reserves, continue to grow vigorously on investment expenditure.

Foreign-exchange reserves, hovering between $5 billion-$6 billion, are enough to cover two to three months of imports.

Such a high level of foreign exchange reserves which will benefit China's economy and the adverse effects?

More aggressive investment mandates for billions of dollars in foreign exchange reserves and pension funds are also supportive.

Apart from Chinese banks, the government's investment of its foreign exchange reserves in the subprime sector have been relatively small.

Finally, emerging markets must proceed with care; export-led growth has stabilised their finances and built foreign exchange reserves.

Omitted at China's behest were foreign-exchange reserves, a sign of the international disparities in spending and saving.

it had to use its limited foreign-exchange reserves to buy sterling.

"Normally you don't think about using foreign exchange reserves for this but it's possible, " Marcussen said.

Indeed, if China's foreign exchange reserves evaporate in value, it becomes very vulnerable, unless its structural problems are solved.

The crisis has also given China, with its $2, 000bn-plus foreign exchange reserves, a lesson in the harsh realities of economic power.

The country is getting more aggressive in allocating money overseas to diversify its massive amount of foreign-exchange reserves.

This phenomenon is the sharp increase in foreign exchange reserves with the Central Bank to credit contraction caused by the double squeeze.

The big ticket loans also further China's efforts to diversify foreign exchange reserves away from the dollar.

Therefore, the text restricts the research scope in empirical analysis between China's foreign exchange reserves and the price level.

For instance, he says updates on foreign exchange reserves are released much later than other countries at similar stages of development.

It boasts the world's most valuable bank, its biggest mobile-phone operator and its largest pile of foreign-exchange reserves.

Mr Noda's remarks also follow a period of renewed speculation about China's management of its massive stock of foreign exchange reserves .

Allowing their currencies to appreciate would slow the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and the growth of their funds.

The government appears to be moving rapidly toward financing more of current expenditure using foreign exchange reserves.

But remember that China, in the first quarter of this year alone, acquired an additional $138 billion in new foreign exchange reserves.

With $1, 200bn (? 78bn) in foreign exchange reserves, China can cure at least this problem with investment.

The Chinese government is acutely interested in diversifying its foreign exchange reserves beyond United States Treasuries.

Foreign exchange reserves and current account balances have also strengthened, while debt levels have fallen.

The most striking sign of the BRICs' significance to the world economy, though, is probably their share of foreign-exchange reserves.

China can buy the island group with some of its foreign exchange reserves.

It holds $2. 6 trillion of foreign-exchange reserves. Why should it pull down the system that has served it so well?

The central bank held low foreign-exchange reserves, leaving it with scant ammunition in a crisis.

A key adviser to China's central bank recently called on China to increase its gold holdings and diversify its foreign exchange reserves.

There are modest steps afoot to encourage central banks in Asia and further afield to hold renminbi in their foreign exchange reserves.

Russian economic growth, foreign exchange reserves and asset prices are sliding dramatically.

These US investments were both, in a roundabout way, funded by foreign exchange reserves.

Oil-producing countries have been the world's fastest accumulators of foreign exchange reserves in recent years.

In a perfect world, there would be no foreign exchange reserves.

Against that, foreign exchange reserves are gradually being whittled back through intervention to stem the won's slide.

"The river of capital is flowing backwards, " he says of China's huge foreign exchange reserves and its need to invest in real assets.

and the rapid growth in foreign exchange reserves, is a reflection of the balance of payments imbalances.

The crisis is pushing the world's fourth-largest economy, with the biggest foreign-exchange reserves, to the centre of global summitry.

Massive foreign exchange reserves to China's macroeconomic operation bring some negative effect.

Its foreign-exchange reserves are now four times as large as its short-term foreign debt, and it has a current-account surplus.

This can be seen in the seven-fold increase in foreign exchange reserves in that period.

China now has roughly $2 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, and has continued to buy U.

The use of the foreign exchange reserves should be made mainly in external investment and international trade.

But Vietnam posted a $1 billion trade deficit in January -- a problem that has put pressure on its foreign exchange reserves.

Thus a useful measure of financing risk is short-term debt (due within 12 months) as a percentage of foreign-exchange reserves.

China rarely reveals its thinking on investment of its foreign-exchange reserves, which at $2. 4 trillion are the world's largest.

Currently no large-scale repatriation of foreign exchange reserves and foreign exchange needs.

The second criticism is that the system has fostered the creation of vast foreign-exchange reserves, particularly by emerging economies.

In particular, foreign exchange reserves rose, and fiscal and external balances were rebuilt.

This paper will study the relationships among China's foreign exchange reserves, money supply and price level.

In 1991, dwindling foreign exchange reserves forced New Delhi to use its gold reserves to raise a loan to pay its international debt.

What, besides diversifying some of its $2. 4 trillion foreign exchange reserves, is China after?

The significance of the huge foreign-exchange reserves lies elsewhere.

It would also mark a major change in the way China allocates is foreign exchange reserves.

China, with more than $3 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, is the prime target of the legislation.

Central banks hold foreign exchange reserves to maintain economic stability.

We will strengthen investment management and risk management over our foreign exchange reserves and increase the returns on our investments.

This may sound substantial, but gold accounted for just 4% of the RBI's total foreign exchange reserves in September.

China's rapid economic development and rising foreign exchange reserves, so that the pressure of RMB appreciation increasing.

Diversification of China's foreign-exchange reserves is a long-term policy, Yi Gang, a central bank vice governor, told Reuters on Monday.

The central bank indirectly used foreign exchange reserves to provide banks with new equity.

But large foreign-exchange reserves and more robust financial systems mean that the region is better equipped to weather a downturn.

This paper is concerned with the issue of finding a suitable currency composition for the foreign exchange reserves.

But does the rise in Beijing's foreign exchange reserves not prove that China is manipulating its exchange rate?

In fact, more than three quarters of the world's foreign-exchange reserves are now held by emerging-market countries.

The sustained growth in trade surplus and foreign exchange reserves are big problems for China's economy.

China's foreign exchange reserves are so vast that the numbers barely register.

China's foreign-exchange reserves total a bit over EUR2 trillion.

China' foreign exchange reserves have risen considerably.

Its foreign-exchange reserves are down to a month's worth of imports.

The problem is not just that foreign exchange reserves are low yielding assets.

And the US Treasury bonds remain the most liquid investment product in the market, given China's huge foreign exchange reserves.

Beijing hopes to use controlled outflows to slow the growth of its foreign exchange reserves, the world's largest at more than $1, 000bn.

For China's foreign exchange reserves are kept moderate scale put forward relevant measures.

Foreign exchange reserves of foreign exchange assets in U. S. dollar as its functional currency.

This has resulted in a massive build up of dollar foreign exchange reserves, with China sitting on the biggest stockpile of $2, 447bn.

Two-thirds of its $2 trillion of foreign exchange reserves is held in dollar securities.

The composition of China's foreign exchange reserves, the largest in the world, are a closely guarded secret.

Asian central banks' foreign exchange reserves shrank by $120bn in October, a fivefold increase on the September fall.

Large foreign-exchange reserves make countries less vulnerable to shocks.

China's foreign exchange reserves have increased significantly the effect of inflation from results of empirical test.

Established in 2007, the CIC's objective is to diversify and expand China's enormous foreign exchange reserves.

One proxy for these is the growth in foreign exchange reserves, up $150bn in the first three months of the year.

As a comparison the Japan held U. S. government bonds about 70% of foreign exchange reserves.

Beijing hopes to use controlled outflows to slow the growth of its ballooning foreign exchange reserves, the world's largest at $1, 202bn.

Determine the size of the foreign exchange reserves for the theoretical study and practical terms is not only the focus but also difficulty.

These were almost perfectly offset by its $777bn accumulation of official foreign exchange reserves.

South Korea announced last week that it might use some of its $290bn of foreign exchange reserves to buy gold.

China has huge foreign-exchange reserves available to protect its banking system.

China has $3 trillion-plus in foreign exchange reserves, about a quarter invested in European bonds.

Under the floating rate system, the foreign exchange reserves often face the rate risk.

More foreign exchange reserves(FERs)mean greater risks and higher level of difficulty and complexity in management.

No other country has that much precious metal in their foreign exchange reserves.

and the surplus brought about by excessive foreign exchange Reserves, we will increase the pressure on RMB revaluation and financial risks.

China has $3, 045bn in foreign exchange reserves, about two-thirds of which are estimated to be held in dollar-denominated assets.

CIC is effectively funded from foreign exchange reserves via bond issuance.

"It's often based on targets set earlier in the year on gold as a proportion of foreign exchange reserves. "

The ultimate role of the foreign exchange reserves in foreign markets was to buy things.

But the ultra-conservative Reserve Bank of India has long resisted pressure to sweat the country's $278bn of foreign exchange reserves.

Holdings 10 monthly rate of growth of foreign exchange reserves, constantly under the pressure on the appreciation of RMB.

Surplus countries built up their foreign-exchange reserves.

But Edward believes it's a mistake to think that China's gargantuan foreign-exchange reserves render its economy invincible.

The accumulation of vast foreign-exchange reserves has fuelled domestic money growth and the inflation rate has tripled in the past year.

SDR assets make up less than 5 per cent of global foreign exchange reserves.

In this period, China's foreign exchange reserves grew much faster than its trade surplus, often by as much as $15bn a month.

In order to limit renminbi movement against the dollar, the PBOC purchases and sells foreign exchange reserves on a daily basis.

Today, Asia is proposing to create a $120bn pool of foreign exchange reserves for subscribers to tap in extremis.

The explosion in China's foreign exchange reserves has been one of the more remarkable episodes in recent financial history.

These countries are likely to buy more gold to further diversify their foreign-exchange reserves and hedge the exposure to the dollar.

China's foreign exchange reserves soared in July to $1, 434bn, 10 times their 1997 level and the largest of any country.

The fact that Asian currencies make up only33% of totai foreign-exchange reserves indicate how far Asia still lags infinancial matters.

The country is awash in dollars, with foreign-exchange reserves of $2 trillion by the official count.

For the most part, the country's foreign exchange reserves are invested in US Treasuries.

China, which has more than $2. 4 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, is the largest holder of American debt.

The study of currency allocation in foreign exchange reserves consists of two aspects: kinds of currencies included and their proportions.

The public is requiring the Chinese government to better utilize its massive foreign exchange reserves.

And it seeks the strengthening of the Chiang Mai initiative to create a regional Asian pool of swappable foreign exchange reserves.

China has also amassed the world's largest trade surplus and world's largest foreign exchange reserves.

You want to know about the country's gold and foreign exchange reserves accumulation, flip to chapter five.

Mr. Oddsson, in his TV interview, said foreign-exchange reserves weren't the issue.

and pledge foreign-exchange reserves as collateral.

Jonathan Anderson, at UBS, has calculated the gap between this and the stock of foreign-exchange reserves for 45 countries.

With the world's largest trade surplus, China is accumulating foreign exchange reserves of about $1 billion per day.

Foreign-exchange reserves have swollen to nine months' import cover, compared with only five months' just before the Asian crisis in 1997.

Foreign exchange reserves management theory has become an most interesting field of international financial study.

Foreign exchange reserves are assets that are held by monetary authorities, and they are convertible into foreign currencies at any time.

The currency, the taka, is falling. So are foreign-exchange reserves.

GIC manages Singapore's foreign-exchange reserves.

Chinese foreign exchange reserves declined by $61 billion in September, though they are still a very high $3 trillion.

Foreign exchange reserves continue to increase in the future, the likelihood still is a segment to l trend.

However, China is desperate to diversify its $2, 000bn of foreign exchange reserves and smaller deals will barely move the needle.

A big investment by China into Europe's bailout fund would mark a major change in the way China allocates its foreign-exchange reserves.

In others, such as China, it appears in a faster accumulation of foreign-exchange reserves by the central bank.

After outbreak of American subprime crisis, management on dollar assets faces more severe test in China's foreign exchange reserves.

Russia's foreign-exchange reserves were virtually zero when it began market reform in 1992; now they stand at $420 billion.

Taiwan boasts its fifth foreign exchange reserves, which can help cope with difficulties because of economic and military blockade.

China's foreign-exchange reserves now total $2. 4 trillion, of which about 70% are thought to be in dollars.

China, holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves at $3. 2 trillion, said it wanted more clarity before investing.

Mr Reading also makes an important point about China's $800bn foreign exchange reserves.

China's foreign exchange reserves grew $130bn in the last quarter of 2009 alone.

Don't even think about the trillion-plus dollars in foreign exchange reserves.

China, meanwhile, sits on foreign-exchange reserves that have grown to $2. 85 trillion.

Asia's central banks hold foreign exchange reserves of about $3, 800bn; some is being hived off into actively managed funds.

What has caused the rapid growth of China Foreign Exchange Reserves?

The Chinese government has admitted that its foreign-exchange reserves have already exceeded its needs.

The value of foreign exchange reserves, meanwhile, will fall if and when the renminbi goes up.

China's foreign exchange reserves rose by a faster-than-expected 30. 3 percent year-on-year by the end of June to reach US$3. 2 trillion.

Its stockpile fell to just 3. 5% of its total foreign-exchange reserves (of $281 billion) in September.

Its stash of $3 trillion-plus in foreign-exchange reserves shows its firepower.

China's bulging foreign exchange reserves reflect the lack of private demand for dollars, which was driven by the renminbi's appreciation.

CIC was established in September 2007 to earn better returns on a portion of the country's $2, 273bn in foreign exchange reserves.

And external assets are increasingly concentrated in foreign exchange reserves amounting to $6, 400bn, of which China owns roughly half.

China is a net creditor, as reflected in its US$1. 5 trillion foreign exchange reserves.

China has $200 billion in an SWF, part of $1. 43 trillion in foreign-exchange reserves, the world's largest.

So accumulating foreign exchange reserves is a cushion, but it can be costly.

It controls the banks, which have huge undeployed deposits, and sits on $2, 000bn of foreign exchange reserves.

Mr. Guo said one reason China needs to liberalize its financial system is that its foreign-exchange reserves have grown too large.

Its decline in the past five years has imposed a huge capital loss on foreign-exchange reserves.

It has the world's largest foreign exchange reserves.

China's foreign-exchange reserves are now an astounding $2 trillion.

As a result, the central bank's foreign exchange reserves have ballooned since March 2009, rising by a whopping US$176bn to US$219bn.

China has the resources to cope with the current financial crisis. Foreign exchange reserves are an immense US$1. 9 trillion.

Valuation changes did add just $1 billion to the accumulation of foreign-exchange reserves in 2007.

Some countries have also accumulated arsenals of foreign-exchange reserves and so worry less about their foreign debt.

Exports and the trade surplus have soared (see chart 2), pushing foreign-exchange reserves above $100 billion.

The third chapter introduces the model of moderate scale of foreign exchange reserves.

China's foreign exchange reserves, the world's largest, stood at $3. 2 trillion at the end of September.

China is also encouraging investment overseas to reduce its swelling $1, 000bn-plus in foreign exchange reserves.

China reportedly plans to diversify its colossal $1, 000bn of foreign exchange reserves.

China holds by far the world's biggest stockpile of foreign-exchange reserves, worth $2. 6 trillion at the end of the third quarter.

All these countries have the comfort of huge foreign-exchange reserves.

The inflows have boosted foreign-exchange reserves by some $20 billion this year, to $66 billion, or 12 months'-worth of imports.

He estimates that foreign-exchange reserves will increase 'only' $300 billion this year, after $420 billion in 2008.

Until the end of September of 2006, the balance of China's foreign exchange reserves has reached 987. 9 billion US dollars.

At present, Russia is to buy gold in large quantities, making it the gold reserves of foreign exchange reserves reach 10%.

China's foreign-exchange reserves now exceed $2 trillion.

The HKMA says the Exchange Fund will also invest some of its foreign exchange reserves in the bond market.