bank lending

If Northern Rock had been taken under public control at the same time, the Bank lending would have been unnecessary.

'It signals that China is now in loosening mode, and that the bank-lending quota will be expanded, ' Mr. Green said.

The Bank of England's report identifies "persistent weakness in bank lending" as a downside risk to spending over the next three years.

China had got to this point by stimulating its economy in slow times, by either massive bank lending or budgetary stimulus packages.

Investors also worry that Chinese bank lending to local governments for stimulus programs could sour into bad loans in a year or two.

As Beijing tamps down on bank lending to address potential overheating, that number may yet turn out to be another illusion.

The commission's instinct seems to be to take a fairly tough stance on intra-bank lending, but its precise views are hazy.

But now, to moderate that growth, Beijing is trying to tighten credit by restraining bank lending and by raising interest rates.

Last month I set out a plan to help remove the remaining obstacles to increased bank lending and set the banks on a path to a safer future.

It plans to use the proceeds to expand residential construction as a surge in bank lending drives a pick-up in the housing market.

Reducing new bank lending, which drives increases in the money supply, has been a key part of the government's effort to fight inflation.

Now, Chinese officials are concerned about rampant spending and are trying to tighten bank lending.

Europe will be pursuing austerity, China is trying to rein in bank lending but America has opted for another fiscal stimulus.

Together with an increase in bank lending, this was sufficient upbeat news to dampen expectations of a new stimulus package.

Bank lending is growing much more slowly than a decade ago, and Asia is one of few parts of the world not experiencing a housing bubble.

Most of the rest will be financed by bank lending, which had already soared by 30% in the 12 months to March, twice its pace last summer.

Figures from the Bank of England show that bank lending to business, except for property lending, fell in the last nine months of 2009.

Director of the PIBA mortgage-brokers group, Rachel Doyle, said the squeeze on bank lending was hindering a recovery in the housing market.

Chinese bank lending is usually strongest in the first quarter and moderates as the year goes on.

Some conclude that prices have been pumped up by imprudent bank lending and that the market is at risk of crashing.

Bank lending can support the economy for a short time. However, stocks are as expensive as during the heydays of the last bubble.

That means cash flow is tight at a time the developers are being squeezed on bank lending and outside sources of funds.

But nothing happened. The multiplier effect of fractional reserve banking did not take off. Bank lending in fact stalled.

Trading volumes are down, as is bank lending, and there have been major layoffs in financial centers around the globe.

Even in China, growth seems to be slowing sharply, prompting the government to lift its quotas on bank lending at the start of this month.

However, the purchases fell sharply as global equities stumbled into a bear market and bank-to-bank lending totally froze.

Analysts say the rebound has largely been driven by an unprecedented government-led expansion of bank lending.

The flight of bank lending was, as usual in a crisis, dramatic.

What form next year's tighter policy could take is uncertain, but more direct controls of bank lending seem certain to be part of the mix.

And any credit-market improvements might not happen fast enough to avert a savage contraction in bank lending to nonfinancial companies.

Smaller firms, which had little access to the tide of new bank lending in China this year, would get a new avenue to raise funds.

Money supply is still expanding at a rate of nearly 30% on-year, while bank lending continues to surge, albeit at a slower pace.

Five, the discount rate and interest rate Discount is a form of bank lending, the discount rate and deposit rates are closely linked.

Economists interpret the move as a sign that authorities are taking a more aggressive stance against inflation and bank lending.

Many analysts have been expecting Beijing to scale back bank lending next year as part of its tightening efforts.

Curing bank lending alone will not solve the problem if consumers crawl into a hole.

That may be a counterintuitive argument , given the headline numbers . Bank lending is clearly finding its way into asset markets .

The fiscal stimulus does not come with large bank lending to support it, so the leverage effect in the U.

Bank lending to firms is still buoyant, though this partly reflects substitution for wilting capital-market finance.

And he acknowledged in the two-hour interview that too much bank lending earlier in the year may have economic costs.

Bank lending growth is now around 15% a year.

It plans to supervise bankers' pay practices more closely, as well as the "non-bank" lending subsidiaries of bank-holding companies.

An alternative would be for a new agency to take the tail risk on normal bank lending to SMEs.

China is one of the few countries in the world where total bank lending has fallen relative to GDP over the past five years.

Bank lending is growing too fast , which may be fine if it is flowing into useful investments, but not if it is fuelling asset prices .

The way that the bank lending has been channeled reflects that China's economic problems couldn't be fixed by liquidity.

Normally, Chinese bank lending is seasonal, with banks lending less in the later months as they exhaust their quotas for the year.

All this came to an end with the credit crunch and the associated collapse of bank lending.

In an unusual move, the officials released a three-page 'framework for financial repair and recovery' aimed at restoring bank lending.

Much of the past year's bank lending should really be viewed as a form of fiscal stimulus.

The chief funding source is expected to be bank lending, primarily from local or large state-controlled banks.

If some of the investments go bad, there are fears part of this surge in bank lending will end up as fiscal spending in disguise.

"Borrowing, bank lending . . . all may be compromised by a deepening financial crisis, " Mr Diouf said this month.

Authorities loosened bank lending at the beginning of August, telling banks they could extend 5% more credit this year.

Interest rates have also been cut five times since September and, much more important, controls on bank lending have been scrapped.

Investment is still the main contributor to GDP, aided by another year of epic bank lending.

Fears that China might clamp down on bank lending prompted a sell-off in the previous session.

However, that was a period in which constraints were mostly on the supply side, as Beijing shut off bank lending to developers.

As well as the increases in investment and bank lending, car sales and electricity consumption have picked up.

Much of China's bank lending remains politically driven, putting state enterprises at a great advantage.

Targeting particular measures of money supply, bank lending (as Japan did) or long-dated gilt yields is tricky.

But since then, the design of the APS has been slow to take shape and has failed to re-ignite inter-bank lending, critics say.

Some of the new bank lending lately, they add, is because stressed borrowers are being forced to tap their credit lines.

They are being forced into prostitution , and they are being barred from the bank lending offices and banned from the ballot box.

The narrow bank lending channel is in operation when adjustments to the monetary stance prompt changes in deposits.

In China, the economy is back on the growth track. But much of that growth is a result of government spending and bank lending.

"The financial services sector also grew strongly, supported by increased foreign exchange trading and domestic bank lending activities. "

Monetary expansion was taking place at a "rapid pace" , and the central bank was likely to take more steps to boost bank lending.

Bank lending was weak in late 2007 when the government was trying to prevent the economy from overheating, which makes comparisons tricky.

Deep uncertainty about our economic future, as well as the potential level of regulatory capital, has unsettled bank lending.

With China's recovery well advanced, the central bank is keen to get a grip on bank lending and keep a lid on inflationary pressures.

Five increases in the central bank lending rate this year have had little effect.

Official bank lending rates are only one tool used to manipulate credit growth.

A sharp spike in bank lending starting in late 2008 was the central element to Beijing's effort to escape the global financial crisis.

The immediate impact of [the] cut to the required reserve ratio (RRR) is to ease constraints on bank lending.

Interestingly, we didn't see bank lending pulling firms out of a crisis.

Salaries have been cut, taxes are going up, shops and businesses are closing and bank lending is non-existent.

The rush to bonds reflects both expectations of lower inflation and a longer period of rock-bottom central-bank lending rates.

Bank lending quotas, which have been the centrepiece of recent tightening initiatives, have now been relaxed.

Bank lending should also be constrained during periods when asset prices are booming - when the froth is piling up.

In 2009, it was a surge in bank lending, not an improvement in the economy, that made China's stock markets top performers.

That was a sweeping proposal which aimed, amongst other things, to free up inter-bank lending and protect banks and depositors.

Bank lending grew marginally in July. On the ground, loan sharks are again thriving, indicating that the banks are indeed tightening.

Little by little, it has guided up interest rates, reined in bank lending and introduced a series of rules to deter real estate speculation.

So far, the government has done little to reverse policies aimed at stimulating growth through bank lending and government spending.

Regulators would need a breakdown of how bank lending was being directed to different geographical areas and asset classes.

But, for now, analysts expect little more than an extension of the ECB's bank-lending facility -- hardly pulse-pounding.

In bank lending, the difference between the value of the collateral on a loan and the actual amount lent.

Bank lending typically spikes in the first quarter of each year, although analysts say the size of 2010's increase is unusually large.

A squeeze on bank lending has prompted some businesses short of cash to stop paying wages to blue-collar workers.

Central banks in most emerging economies have responded by raising interest rates and imposing quantitative controls on bank lending.

The restoration of normal bank lending by banks will require a very large capital infusion from private or public sources.

Though the central bank hasn't raised interest rates this year, it has tried to cool growth by using quotas to ration bank lending.

Higher interest on reserves would discourage bank lending and prevent the huge expansion in the monetary base from becoming inflationary.

International financing is broken down into bank lending , portfolio investment and direct investment .

The lifeline of policy-driven bank lending allowed bankrupt groups to hang on to excess workers and redundant capacity.

The fundamentals in terms of corporate profits, house prices and bank lending have not yet bottomed, in his view.

Beijing has also slowly started to reform the fiscal system that led to the explosion of bank lending in the first place.

Come the global crisis in 2008, a huge stimulus package driven by frenetic bank lending swept away 10 years of reform.

American plans to monitor domestic bank lending month by month will encourage lending at home rather than abroad.

Credit markets also remained distressed, with bank lending rates rising and investors fleeing to the safety of Treasury bills.

A massive government economic stimulus package and state bank lending buoyed the economy in 2009 and much of this year.

That's not a small sum, but it was dwarfed by the explosion in bank lending that began in early 2009.

Government restraints on bank lending caused investment growth to slow slightly, whereas consumer spending picked up.

Another possibility is that investors simply convinced themselves that lots of bank lending went into the stock market.

All of these operate independently of bank-lending conditions.

The rise in bank lending has raised warning flags about bad debts, especially after regulators relaxed some lending requirements.

The best evidence is the allocation of the medium- and long-term loans, which accounted for half of all bank lending.

But he is also quick to point out other factors, from higher wage costs to the cyclical impact of a surge in bank lending.

Those numbers are roughly double official bank-lending numbers, and it's important to understand why.

Shares in mainland developers soared Thursday on news of the central banks' move to encourage more bank lending.

Having the government back bank lending would effectively entail the U. S. being the backstop for the country's financial system.

It creates excess liquidity, which risks fuelling higher inflation, asset-price bubbles and imprudent bank lending.

Massive bank lending over the past year, part of Beijing's stimulus package, has found its way into real estate speculation.

A government-backed stimulus program funded largely through bank lending has generated the bulk of recent investment gains.

But privately some Chinese officials warn of new domestic economic hazards risks from the surge in bank lending.

Overall, China's total bank lending slowed for the second consecutive month in February in response to Beijing's monetary tightening agenda.

First came news in January that China was tightening bank-lending standards as first step in reversing its fiscal-stimulus programs.

China has raised interest rates a quarter of a point and reined in bank lending.

Bank lending to companies is also contracting, although bond markets have taken up some of the slack.

In October bank lending quickened, filling some of the gap left by shadow lenders.

Thirdly, reduced bank lending is the most significant factor curtailing corporate activity and domestic demand.

Whereas most economies are being squeezed by a credit crunch, Chinese bank lending surged by 21% in the year to January.

The bulk of the risk sensitivity requirement should be related to the growth rates of bank lending and asset prices.

The current uncertainty has had an especially adverse effect on banks and bank lending.

The surge in bank lending this year has been instrumental in helping China recover from the depths of the global financial crisis.

Total bank lending has expanded by 30% over the past year, close to the fastest growth on record.

"This sort of thing happens in China whenever you have too much bank lending, " says Jerry Lou of Morgan Stanley.

Additionally, despite a slight February pull-back, bank lending remains rampant and liquidity strong.

The central bank relies on adjusting reserve requirements and limits on bank lending to implement monetary policy.

Cheap money results in excessive bank lending and poor investment decisions, which could lead to an increase in non-performing loans.

Still, bank lending continues to slow as borrowers refrain from taking risks, a bearish sign for the economy.

China's bank lending slowed in March, after moves by Beijing to stem a flood of credit now that the economy is improving.

High levels of bank lending are also believed to have helped spur demand.

A flood of bank lending threatens a future surge in bad loans, while markets for shares and property look dangerously frothy.

A surge in bank lending and fixed asset investments prompted the positive revision, ADB chief economist Jong-Wha Lee said.

Restrictions on house purchases cut revenue from sales. Controls on bank lending meant borrowing was tough.

depot bill and pledge more difficult to adapt to the current corporate finance, bank lending to the difficult market situation.

The cap on quotas implies bank lending growth will be curtailed, but China is simultaneously fostering a corporate bond market.

The Chinese government has over recent weeks moved to rein in bank lending in a bid to cool a market that could be growing too quickly.

Aggregate new bank lending surged 201% in the first half of 2009 from the same period a year earlier, to nearly $1. 1 trillion.

There was also sharp growth in bank lending in October.

The stabler world that would result could save more people from misery than any World Bank lending.

As evidence of a Chinese real-estate bubble mounts, the government there has tightened controls on bank lending.

The expected drop in bank lending resulted in the recent drop in China stock markets, as it may result in slower economic growth for China.

Although China is growing faster than any major economy, a sudden pullback in bank lending could shake the country's recovery.

Meanwhile, government loan and inter-bank lending markets have also made fairly rapid progress.

For small institutions, liquidity will be constrained bank lending pressure impulse.

Will the sharp increase in Chinese bank lending result in a spike in NPLs?

The goal was to slow bank lending and control inflation.

Moreover, bank lending has also contributed to the current property market bubble.

Tighter control of new bank lending and faster yuan appreciation would also help.

New bank lending in the third quarter was less than half the second-quarter total, and growth in government spending has also slowed.

Therefore, these policies become another major impediment to bank lending.

For now, the central bank has little interest in discouraging bank lending or consumer borrowing.

Falling bond issuance may indicate that net credit growth has shrunk, even where bank lending has risen.

The BIS data on bank lending demonstrate that China's solution to the trilemma isn't working perfectly.

As long as cash from China's $1 trillion bank-lending spree keeps finding its way into the markets, prices are destined to rise.

China rebounded quickly from the global financial crisis because of a massive stimulus program and bank lending.

If China reduces bank lending next year to restrain inflation, it will damp demand for imported commodities.

Mr. Trichet said weak bank lending in the euro zone mainly reflected weak demand for credit from borrowers.

Residential mortgage losses alone could hit $636 billion by 2012, Goldman estimates, triggering widespread retrenchment in bank lending.

even if credit, commercial bank lending rate rise also tougher lending businesses.

China's government may use more currency gains and curbs on bank lending to restrain price increases.

This, in turn, will mean China raising interest rates further, and cutting down bank lending.

It isn't just indiscriminate bank lending that has retarded moves toward rebalancing.

Central-bank lending to government serves a valuable, though risky, purpose.

That's slightly slower than the first quarter, thanks largely to efforts by authorities to cut bank lending and hike interest rates.

Earlier this week the Chinese banking regulator said it would ease tough capital rules on bank lending to smaller businesses.

But there remains the problem of supposedly inadequate bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses.

a bank named by a multi-bank lending syndicate to protect their interests.

Any pullback in bank lending could undermine what is already a weak recovery, raising the possibility of another recession.

Bank lending has helped drive the investment that has underpinned China's rapid growth.

To balance the country's ebbing private demand, China is boosting bank lending and public spending.

China's bank lending surge has led to asset appreciation.

Meanwhile, Portuguese commercial banks stepped up their use of European Central Bank lending facilities last month.

There is little doubt by now that China's bank lending since last December is driving speculative inventory demand for commodities.

While I am on the topic of bank lending, I would like to add a few words about commercial real estate (CRE).

Many analysts predict that total Chinese bank lending may pull back by about 20 percent, to no more than 8 trillion renminbi, this year.

This time, however, a steep yield curve is hardly stimulating bank lending.

Second, in an effort to curtail excess bank lending, reserve ratios were increased nine times in the past 11 months.

After guiding up bill yields in July and August, the central bank held off as bank lending slowed.

Cross-border bank lending is contracting, as is finance from capital markets.

China recently slapped restrictions on bank lending for third homes.

They tolerated private sector debt binges and reckless bank lending.

In Europe, where bank lending is more important, it offers a useful, alternative source of financing.

In contrast to the 1990s, bank lending is still growing.

During phases of China's explosive growth, when inflation was on the rise, the government tapped the brakes by slowing bank lending.

China rebounded quickly from the 2008 global crisis on a flood of government spending and bank lending.

That means keeping very low interest rates and flooding markets with money to encourage bank lending and consumption.

The latest bank lending report from the Fed shows that banks are willing to lend.

First, bank lending to companies has fallen dramatically.

Rapidly rising bank lending inevitably creates more dud loans.

China's growth soared to 11. 9 percent in the first three months of the year on a flood of stimulus spending and bank lending.

Unsurprisingly, for them "bank lending conditions and capital market financing remain easy" , the IMF notes.

The Chinese government acted after food prices edged up and news reports said bank lending skyrocketed in the first week of January.

If the goal is to prevent a calamitous collapse of bank lending, the answer is probably yes.

Moreover, bank lending has become scarcer as European banks boost their capital buffers.

Bank lending to small business is at its lowest since 2008.

It is designed to stimulate spending, support bank lending and help return the economy to growth.

Virtually all of it is bank lending, which is fully captured in monthly credit data.

Fueling that skepticism are reports that bank lending soared in the first two weeks of January.

Corporate-bond issuance is on track to shatter records this year, largely offsetting the slump in bank lending.

The People's Bank of China has cut interest rates three times and strict controls on bank lending have been scrapped.

Now there is genuine worry that interest rates and bank lending rules will be tightened at the expense of economic growth.

In general, World Bank lending projects follow the standard.

The plan comes in spite of findings that high inter-bank lending rates could not be fully explained by banks' lack of trust.

First, it restricted bank lending; now it is removing trust-company financing from the menu.

GDP fell at an annualized rate of 3. 2% as tight bank lending hit consumer spending and business investment.

And Beijing may move to lift restrictions on bank lending, analysts say.

So China will increase the interest rate, put more controls on bank lending, and hammer the real estate price.

China's property boom is being financed mainly by saving, not bank lending.

'It's not really all about bank lending any more, ' he says.

Its economy has been kept churning by enforced bank lending that could yet rebound in asset price bubbles or a crop of bad loans.

Bringing clarity to bank balance sheets, said Smick, "is the first step to fixing America's bank lending problem. "

Quelling bank lending no longer works as it used to, for example, because more and more investment is funded directly out of profits.

Some small companies might benefit from more bank lending.

We will expand open market operations and increase central bank lending to small and medium-sized banks.

Bank lending rates, regulated by government, are also kept low so that companies can borrow cheaply.

encouraging excessive investment and bank lending in some sectors which could lead to a bust.

Inter-bank lending volumes have slumped in recent months.

In bank lending, what are the three features a collateral must exhibit?

Meanwhile, in America bank lending continues to decline as does the velocity of money in circulation.

That unleashed a wave of government-backed bank lending.

The country's authorities may have left it too late to rein in bank lending.

Bank lending to the private sector has fallen for two months.

At the same time, regulators' requirements have become drivers of bank lending and thus of the broader economy.

"We expect a U-turn on government efforts to limit bank lending. "

Many banks still have "a large volume of troubled loans on their books, and bank lending standards remain tight, " Bernanke said.

The authorities have also taken steps to rein in bank lending.

London is the world's leading centre for cross-border bank lending as well as marine insurance, according to CityUK, a lobby group.

Bank lending may rise this year by less than 3%.

However, the government is planning a package of further help to support bank lending in the battle against recession.

A slowdown in China's bank lending helped drive down the country's stock market sharply last month, rattling global investors.

In the year to September bank lending to British households rose by only 0. 9%. Mortgage lending fell.

Over-all bank lending to firms and households remains below the level it reached in 2008.

Total credit estimates rise to $5. 7tn when flows outside formal bank-lending channels are included.

Heavy government spending and extra bank lending have papered over the cracks in China's economy to date.

Bank lending to firms and households has expanded by 30% over the past year.

Bank lending is almost certain to slow from the first quarter's pace.

That was well below the 20 per cent expansion seen in Europe before the peak of the boom, and in some sectors new bank-lending has tumbled.

The government is scheduled to disclose figures for April's bank lending by next week, along with other economic data.

More bank lending may lead to higher commodity prices, threatening stagflation for the Chinese economy.

China's economy expanded 11. 9% in the first quarter and its massive bank lending in 2009 drove the region's recovery.

The government is using fiscal stimulus and bank lending to support economic recovery.

In a Jan. 12 research note, Ms. Ulrich predicted a 20 percent to 30 percent cut in bank lending growth for this year, compared with 2009.

There are others indications that bank lending is improving.

The World Bank and the Water and Sanitation Program work in tandem to bolster the impact of Bank lending for sanitation.

In addition to constrained bank lending, a second area of great concern is the job market.

That's especially worrisome in China today, because rapid bank lending this year has flooded the financial system with funds.