chromosome

If one of our chromosomes was formed by the fusion of two primate chromosomes, you know what it would have?

You know chromosomes, but this was a molecule, and somehow all the information was probably present in some digital form.

Rather than looking at a predefined set of genes, he mapped thousands of genetic markers sprinkled across the chromosomes of his subjects.

For a few weeks, these chromosomes are all that differentiates male embryos from female embryos.

each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random.

Half of a person's chromosomes come from his father, half form his mother.

And Schrodinger said the essence was information present in our chromosomes, and it had to be present on a molecule.

The problem he encountered was that each time the cells divided, the mini-chromosomes degraded, until eventually they vanished completely.

Cytological investigation showed that this awned plant was a variation with extra chromosomes.

Homozygote (homozygous) --- An individual or genotype with identical alleles at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

"IVD sperm can only be produced from stem cells with male [XY] chromosomes, " he said.

There's no molecular test. There's no sequencing of genes that was referred to yesterday. There is no fancy looking at the chromosomes.

Relies on two homologous chromosomes pair along the long axis between the formation of synaptonemal complex achieved.

For over a century, scientists have strived to understand the mechanisms that govern the accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.

There was a profound defect in interactions of parental chromosomes, a process known as synapsis , leading to death of germ cells.

Such a clearing mechanism that operates along mitotic chromosomes might require proteins that are implicated in chromosome segregation.

Thus, for an embryo to grow properly, it must have one set of chromosomes with a female imprint and the other with a male imprint.

In terms of genetics, the female cell has two X chromosomes, one from each parent. So a woman's wisdom comes from both father and mother.

One pair of homologous chromosomes resulting from the division of a tetrad during meiosis.

At the beginning of prophase the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere .

With a shortage of chromosomes, a developing fetus will likely grow into a child with down syndrome.

Our DNA is carrying chromosomes and at each end of these, a sort of protective caps called telomeres.

She noticed that at the end of each of the creature's chromosomes was a repeating sequence of DNA, spelt out by the letters CCCCAA.

Chromosome numbers which deviate from the normal number of chromosomes for a species are said to be heteroploid.

The first hint of a breakthrough came when Blackburn was studying chromosomes in a simple pond-dwelling organism called tetrahymena.

Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs.

Bivalent --- A pair of homologous chromosomes in association, as seen at metaphase of the first meiotic division.

But chromosomes do not pass from each generation to the next as identical copies.

Instead of two X chromosomes, some women have three; others have two XXs and an extra Y, or one of many other variations.

CONCLUSION: HBV DNA sequences were able to pass through the zona and oolemma to enter into oocytes and integrate into their chromosomes.

Genes located on these chromosomes do not assort independently of sex and are said to be sex-linked.

The researchers found that the sets of chromosomes in soybeans have copied themselves at least twice.

These discoveries explained how the ends of the chromosomes are protected by the telomeres and that they are built by telomerase.

Just as mitochondria are inherited matrilineally, Y-chromosomes are inherited patrilineally.

Association of two homologous chromosomes began to separate, but in many of the points referred to as cross They also linked together.

Many diseases are the result of a single defective gene on one of the chromosomes.

Every cell in the human body, apart from eggs and sperm, contains two copies of each of the body's 23 chromosomes.

These chromosomes are so simple that some geneticists prefer to call them chromosomes.

The doctor told my stunned parents that I could grow up normally, even adopt, but I shouldn't know I had XY chromosomes or testes.

The tenuous state of the chromosomes during the period between cell divisions should not suggest that they are inert at this time.

The next step is to try to create stem cells without the leftover chromosomes from the egg.

The technique allows doctors to check a woman's eggs for defective chromosomes, the structures that carry the human genetic code.

Their work revealed how the chromosomes can be copied and has helped further our understanding on human ageing, cancer and stem cells.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms are individual variations in the DNA that are spaced across the human chromosomes.

G-band analysis showed there were some faintly -stained bands in the hereochromatinic regions of the pair of chromosomes.

Microtubules are shown in green, actin is in red and mitotic chromosomes are colored blue.

Greider explained that, when cells divide, a little material gets sheared off the ends of the chromosomes.

Some of the disrupted chromosomes are able to divide, seeding cancer.

The interphase nuclei and prophase chromosomes of the species were found to be of the complex chromosome type and interstitial type.

Genes can also be silenced by modification of the histone proteins that make up the "smart stuffing" in chromosomes.

Stem cells with female [XX] chromosomes can be prompted to form early-stage sperm but do not progress further.

But we have the knowledge that the species is a polyploid [has extra chromosomes], so hopefully it has plenty of resilience.

It re programs the adult cell's chromosomes, bringing them back to the state they were in just after the egg was fertilized .

female parthenogenesis in which the embryo contains only maternal chromosomes due to the failure of the sperm to fuse with the egg nucleus.

After matching each pair of homologous chromosomes that bivalent.

These caps keep our chromosomes from unraveling, much like the plastic tips at the ends of shoelaces.

A complete haploid set of chromosomes with its associated genes .

The judge ruled that as surgery does not change chromosomes and that as Texas law does not recognise same-sex unions, the marriage was void.

Bivalent Describing any pair of homologous chromosomes when they pair up during MEIOSIS.

In mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by transcriptional silencing of one of the two female X chromosomes.

The scientists measured the length of telomeres, the tails on the ends of chromosomes, in sample groups in the Glasgow area.

We recently showed array screening indeed enables accurate determination of the copy number state of all chromosomes in a single cell.

Along with two collaborators, Greider won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on chromosomes.

However, in 2000, scientists announced that the X and Y chromosomes were once a pair of identical twins.

The findings generate many physiological questions about how the louse manages to keep track of separate mitochondrial chromosomes.

Based on this database, we chose the part of gymnosperms and gave a discussion to the features of its chromosomes' evolution and variation.

Hundreds of tiny tube-like structures, called microtubules, make up the machinery that cells use to separate the chromosomes.

Calvin : Simply speaking , life can be looked on as a complex chemical computer composed of chromosomes. It is a net system in chaos .

Aficionados of the "rotting Y" theory point to other species that are known to have lost their Y chromosomes.

Chromosomes are long strands of genetic material or DNA that have been packaged and compressed by wrapping around proteins.

Homozygous - When the two alleles of a gene on the two sets of chromosomes of an individual are identical.

The cell at the top is at prophase, showing the condensing chromosomes prior to their separation.

Despite the large number of mapped markers along the pig genome, many chromosomes remain poorly covered.

Until now it was assumed that control of even distribution of chromosomes was only monitored by the checkpoint kinases in the kinetochore.

This method can accelerate convergence process and increase successful probability with the same number of chromosomes.

During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubulin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes undergo pairing, synapsis, recombination and faithful segregation.

Transposable elements, or insertion elements, are DNA sequences which can be inserted into many different sites in chromosomes.

Means of Persistent Changing Exponent from human chromosomes and random series.

They form a connection between the starting point in the chromosomes, the kinetochore, and the centrosome .

As the nucleus divided twice, and chromosomes replicate only once, so halve the number of chromosomes after meiosis.

The radiation from cesium-137 can throw cellular machinery out of order, including the chromosomes, leading to an increased risk of cancer.

Exactly how chromosomes take their necessary shapes, and how these shapes then affect genes, is still unknown.

Generally meiosis occurs before gamete formation, resulting in the gametes being haploid (having half the normal number of chromosomes).

This may include the application of these methods to portions of the data, such as a few ENCODE regions or a few chromosomes.

In hybrids the two chimpanzee chromosomes can be expected to undergo independent segregation .

The polytene chromosomes found in the salivary gland cells are among the largest chromosomes known today.

Telomeres, the DNA-protein complexes located at the end of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, are essential for chromosome stability.

During telophase nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place.

A comparison of chromosomes in the gametes of a related, sexually-producing lizard species (above) and the whiptail (below).

The answer lies at the ends of the chromosomes - the telomeres - and in an enzyme that forms them - telomerase.

Methods: Use peripheral blood to culture and to any sis the G-banded chromosomes structure.

creates a viable hybrid, the offspring often inherits multiple copies of each parents' chromosomes, or sets of genes .

These translocation lines were generated from homologous chromosome pairing, or mis-division and reconstruction of univalent chromosomes.

Crossover involves splitting two chromosomes and then combining one-half of each chromosome with the other pair.

Staining and Slide- preparing Technique of Mitotic Chromosomes and Its Use in Karyotype Determination of Cucumis melo L .

Retroviruses work by adding their genes into the chromosomes of their hosts, which then merrily churn out bits of new viruses.

Up to half the eggs of young women and up to 75% of those in women over 39 have abnormal chromosomes.

The incorporation of histone variants most probably has epigenetic consequences and contributes to architectural changes in chromosomes.

The tips of all chromosomes are covered with a very special DNA sequence, in a region called the telomere.

We saw one autistic kid, about five million bases just missing from one of his chromosomes.

The only biological certainty is that the differing sex chromosomes almost invariably result in differing reproductive kit and body shape.

In diploid cells, there is a pair of sex chromosomes; the remainder are termed autosomes .

Haploid - Having only one set of chromosomes, usually by meiosis, or resulting from an unfertilized eggs.

Classically, Y chromosomes are thought to originate from X chromosomes through a process of degeneration and gene loss.

Once the nearest marker has been found, techniques based on the mapping of chromosomes may be used to narrow down the location of the gene.

In meiosis it is not until anaphase II that the centromere divides, the chromatids being termed daughter chromosomes after separation.

If they do, the equalization between the sexes is probably not achieved by inactivation of one of the male Z chromosomes.

Duplicate chromosomes were sent back to the center of the original cell, an event once thought impossible.

These aberrations include both gains and losses of chromosomes (or chromosome regions) as well as translocations.

Dogs, wolves, coyotes and jackals all have the same number of chromosomes and can still interbreed and produce viable offspring.

The field of biological aging has in recent years focused on the long molecules of DNA contained in human cells called chromosomes.

His work showed that the inability to add nucleotide repeats to chromosomes led to telomere shortening and eventually cell death.

And the size of the nucleus needed to contain all those chromosomes may make those cells bigger and bigger cells means a bigger plant.

The basic set of chromosomes in a species is the haploid set, usually found in the gametes.

Strangely, none of the women had the SNP on both X chromosomes.

Again, the existence of actin in chromosomes (chromosome scaffolds) was also studied in situ by immuno-electron microscopy.

Each biological egg cell, like most nucleated cells, carries several libraries of DNA information outside of the chromosomes.

The rod-shaped filaments of the microtubules are responsible for dividing the chromosomes in a cell.

They targeted the chromosomes that reside within the nuclei of all cells, and specifically telomeres, caps at the tips of chromosomes.

These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Well, one method of classifying them is by the number of chromosomes, or carriers of heredity, in their sex cells.

Chiasma (pl. chiasmata) A connection between homologous chromosomes seen during the prophase stage of meiosis.

The research published in Current Biology examines the relationship between eggs and the correct number of chromosomes.

Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1. 0 becomes the first living organism to have its own website encoded in its chromosomes.

The early instability theory still has some loose ends, however. How can cells with shifty chromosomes outcompete their stable counterparts?

Nonuniform distribution of the fluorescent labeled probe DNA was observed on the chromosomes of all the species that were tested.

A drug that stops the HIV virus from stitching itself into human chromosomes is found to fight AIDS in an animal study.

This enzyme repairs and lengthens telomeres, tiny protein complexes on the ends of chromosomes that are vital for immunity and longevity.

Another big unknown is precisely how the lizards end up with double the amount of chromosomes in the first place.

The team also found that the protective "caps" on the animals' chromosomes, called telomeres, showed less deterioration.

maternal age, environment pollution causes abnormal chromosomes separation.

Genes are organized along chromosomes. These contain molecules of DNA, the building blocks of life.

Diakinesis bivalents end of some of the homologous chromosomes together only at the end.

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis.

The alien addition lines of Triticum-Psathyrostachys were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and chromosomes C-banding.

Pairing of homologous parts of chromosomes provides clues to their taxonomic affinities.

The chromosomes of Y cells were diploid at the early passages, but became aneuploid in the late passages.

Objective To analyze the molecular karyotypes of ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei and demonstrate the size and number of chromosomes.

When regulation fails, genome aberrations accumulate, including repeated sequences of DNA or een entire extra chromosomes.

The drug blocks the growth of cancer by interfering with microtubules -- structures that help chromosomes to separate during cell division.

Scientists link genes to traits by using DNA markers: stretches of DNA whose positions on chromosomes have been precisely plotted.

Each cell in the body has chromosomes that carry genes. Genes give the instructions that tell each cell what to do.

Many embryos that have damaged or missing chromosomes miscarry, but others go on to produce conditions such as Down's syndrome.

More than 6 billion of these chemical bases, strung together in 23 pairs of chromosomes, exist in a human cell.

Normally, an embryo is formed when an egg containing half its chromosomes is fertilized by a sperm containing the other half.

And in the other3, researchers studying Icelandic women found mutations on chromosomes 2 and 16 that seem to heighten the risk of cancer.

The ends of chromosomes, the telomers, are important for the genetic stability of our cells.

The technique allows doctors to screen fresh eggs for abnormal chromosomes, which are a major cause of miscarriage.

So its progeny have double the normal amount of chromosomes, which they randomly toss off till they're near the right number again.

Resultant daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Research programs to locate inherited disorders on the chromosomes depend on the information contained in DNA fingerprints.

Medical advances like Viagra and erectile dysfunction remedies ensure that those with XY chromosomes can cheat longer and um, stronger.

But previous radiation experiments on animals suggest the boost in males may be due to damage to X chromosomes in sperm, Scherb said.

An example would be the X and Y chromosomes that we thought were responsible for determining the gender of babies.

Most of the cells in our bodies contain long molecules of DNA called chromosomes that have protective caps at either end called telomeres.

Malignant segregants may , therefore, arise when complementing chromosomes are lost .

Failure of the butterfly's sex chromosomes to separate during fertilisation is behind this rare sexual chimera.

Mitotic exit is then completed by disassembly of the spindle and packaging of chromosomes into daughter nuclei.

Back then, the mitochondria didn't have stunted genomes as they do today, but normal bacterial chromosomes with several thousand genes.

If these chromosomes are indeed linear , it will be of great significance in basic as well as applied research.

One problem is that scientists do not know how to arrange it as chromosomes, or even how many chromosomes mammoths had.

Chromomere A small beadlike deeply staining structure seen in chromosomes during prophase of mitosis and meiosis.

One surprising finding Dr Velasco made was the huge degree of difference, 11. 2% in all, between pinot noir's two sets of chromosomes.

The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes.

The so-called diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes refers to individuals, almost all somatic cells of higher animals are diploid.

The protein-DNA nucleosome complexes, in turn, are packed into repeating units called chromatin, which is the building block of chromosomes.

The human DNA molecules are the chromosomes that comprise the human genome.

The chromosomes include control genes and parameter genes that are encoded by binary and qubit respectively.

These sections - called "telomeres" - cap chromosomes, protecting them from damage.

However, testing all of the 10 million common SNPs in a person's chromosomes would be extremely expensive.

This discovery stemmed from our studies on the instability of the Streptomyces chromosomes.

That enzyme keeps cap like structures called telomeres on the ends of chromosomes from getting shorter with each round of cell division.

Our findings may provide important clues for delineating the evolution and divergence of primate chromosomes.

Telomeres are protective strips of DNA that form tiny 'caps' on the ends of chromosomes, protecting against ageing processes.

During this phase, the nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing microtubules access to the chromosomes.

Methods: Chromosomes were prepared according to the human body lymphocyte culture method, and karyotype analysis were done after G-banding.

Tetraploid A cell or organism containing four times the haploid number of chromosomes.

During interphase the chromosomes are too tenuous to be stained.

Two X chromosomes and a blue uniform may not be enough.

Autopolyploids may arise from the fusion of diploid gametes that have resulted from the NONDISJUNCTION of chromosomes at meiosis.

Up to half the eggs of younger women, and up to 75% in women over 39, have abnormal chromosomes.

This works for diploid plants, but numerous plant species are polyploid and must therefore have multiple sex chromosomes.

The fusion wreaks havoc in a cell by stringing together all the chromosomes.

When DNA strands break, chromosomes in the sperm can be deleted, rearranged or damaged.

This behaviour is based on specific and highly regulated interactions between the chromosomes and spindle microtubules.

This showed that delays in mitosis result in cell death and abnormal chromosome segregation, the process by which paired chromosomes split.

What are the chromosomes made of?

Telomeres are sequences of DNA at the end of chromosomes that tend to get shorter every time a cell divides.

Gene resides within long strands of DNA which in turn make up the chromosomes.

The male, XY stem cells underwent the crucial process of "meiosis" - halving the number of chromosomes.

Inside every cell of a person's body, DNA is tightly wound into pairs of structures called chromosomes.

But sometimes a person has an abnormal number of sex chromosomes, which can result in various disorders that range in severity.

Chromatin proteins are essentially the packaging for DNA, holding chromosomes in well-defined spirals.

Choose your towel by the applicable set of sex chromosomes.

Chromosomes contain many genes, so mis-copies, breaks and omissions lead to tens of thousands of genetic changes.

the tips of our chromosomes - called telomeres - become shorter.

Hence, the homologous chromosomes distributed to different progeny cells are not identical.

With cloning, researchers put an adult cell's chromosomes into an unfertilized egg whose genetic material was removed.

These matching pairs of chromosomes hold equivalent genetic information. One set from mother, and one from father.

Histones are a group of proteins that are associated with chromosomes.

An organism having somatic cells with the diploid number of chromosomes.

Test on mice eggs indicate that Cohesins, proteins which act as binding agents to hold chromosomes together, decline with age.

The potential values of cereal crops may be excavated by multiplying the chromosomes.

How can a person with two X chromosomes be a man? In more ways than one. . .

in this algorithm , we represent the chromosomes of the multicast tree by tree structure coding.

chromosome A database with complete genomes and chromosomes from the NCBI Reference Sequence project.

UK-led team located two genes on chromosomes six and nine that appear to strongly influence the age at which menstruation starts.

DNA was found to be packed into chromosomes, of which 23 pairs existed in each cell of the human body.

Homologous chromosomes have chromomeres in identical places along their length.

The whole science of genetics, is based on this assumption, with the chromosomes, the vehicles of hereditary transmission.

Ms. Blackburn and Mr. Szostak discovered the special system of genetic information in the telomeres that protects the chromosomes from ruin.

In this process the ovum contains a full complement of chromosomes and develops into an embryo without being fertilized.

She studied chromosomes, which are lines of genes. She made several discoveries about genes and chromosomes.

Heterogametic sex The sex with dissimilar sex chromosomes, one (in mammals the Y chromosome)being shorter than the other(the X chromosome).

The position of the centromere and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis also important.

An efficient approach for structural studies on bacterial chromosomes is presented.

Remarkably, the number and distribution of cross overs on chromosomes are closely controlled.

The X is one of two chromosomes that determine a person's (or a chimp's) sex.

The other 22 pairs of chromosomes in which the human genome is packaged are the same in both sexes.

Chromosomes comprised of quantum bits are updated by quantum rotating gates, and are mutated by quantum non-gate.

X-inactivation occurs only in females and results in the silencing of most of the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in each cell.

Having a diploid set of chromosomes derived from each parent.

Every cell with a nucleus has chromosomes that carry genes.

Chromosomes carry the genetic information. Telomeres are buffers.

Found on chromosomes in both cancerous and normal cells, telomeres areanalogous to plastic caps that keep shoestring ends from unraveling.

It seems that in a single cell, one or more of the chromosomes explode - literally into hundreds of fragments.

A. Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes in cells.

If the new fertilized cell contains two X-chromosomes , the embryo will eventually form ovaries .

The chromosomes are then checked using a computerised screening procedure.

Walter S. Sutton proposed that chromosomes were the site of Mendel's hereditary factors.

Crossover operation adds the edge information of parents chromosomes.

Although the term is not a technical one, we can refer to these duplicated chromosomes as making up a doublet.

After screening 1161 X chromosomes from non-retarded healthy individuals, we found no carriers with the permutation allele.

Each species has a different number of chromosomes in their nuclei.

What is involved, in this reduction, is the loss of a certain number of visible elements, chromosomes.

Cytogenetic analysis is a lab test to examine the chromosomes of the ALL-blast cells.

Sex chromosomes normally contain much less genetic information.

The chromosomes are then evaluated using a certain fitness criteria and the best ones are kept while the others are discarded.

Chromosomes are the structures that house all the genetic material in our cells.

The doctors then use a computer-driven screening process to check if all of the chromosomes are present.

A sex-change operation? Or was she, perhaps, a hermaphrodite, with both male and female chromosomes?

The final stages of mitosis begin in anaphase, when the mitotic spindle segregates the duplicated chromosomes.

Telomeric TG-rich repeats and their associated proteins protect the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes from end-to-end fusions.

Genes line up on strand called chromosomes in cells. Chromosomes are in the center, or nucleus of cells.

Chromosomes are strands of DNA that carry genes, and there are 23 pairs in almost every cell in the body.

Homogametic sex The sex with homologous sex chromosomes, in mammals, designated XX.

They revealed how cells make a faithful copy of their chromosomes when they divide.

The first meiotic division is unique and involves the segregation of homologous chromosomes.

The separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.