apically

Ovary usually 1-locular at least apically, rarely 2-locular due to intrusion of a lamellate placenta into locular cavity.

cone scales shield-shaped, apically grooved, expanded into a rhomboid disc, occasionally with central mucro.

branches usually apically clustered, angular, up to 20 cm, gray-green, pubescent when young, glabrescent.

Stems 1 (rarely more), erect, apically branched, ultimate branches each with a globose inflorescence; calyx limb without conspicuous lobes.

Lower internodes of culms with longitudinally arranged, stiff hairs; culm sheath apically broadly arched; auricles dissimilar, not reflexed.

Leaflet blades narrowly lanceolate, margin sharply serrate apically; hypanthium somewhat turbinate.

Follicles widely divergent, glabrous, apically with a small beak.

Culm sheath apically broadly convex, without protuberance on each shoulder; auricles well developed, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate.

Fruit a capsule, dehiscing apically between persistent styles [or shedding exocarp and dehiscing longitudinally].

Petals 5, much longer than sepals, basal half connate into a tube, apically distinct.

Plants glabrous. Stems flaccid, rooting, prostrate. Calyx teeth very short, rounded apically. Corolla glabrous.

Stems sparsely caespitose or solitary, erect, simple, densely pubescent, apically glandular hairy.

Culms apically pendulous, with a brown pubescent ring below nodes; basal nodes with branches; stigmas 2.

Fruit a capsule, dehiscent apically among styles, hemispheric to turbinate, small, apex projected or truncate.

Scape erect, slender, apically with a many-flowered raceme or rarely a spike.

Stems caespitose, erect or ascending, gray-green, simple or branched, hairy, apically glandular hairy.

filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous, apically glandular.

Filaments broadly and asymmetrically winged below middle, abruptly narrowed apically; seeds broadly winged, discoid.

terminal buds conical, thin, puberulent or glabrescent, apically acute, with ciliate bud scales.

Leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or narrowly elliptic-ovate, abaxially tomentose, base rounded or cordate, lobes apically shortly acuminate.

Leaf apically acuminate; inflorescence densely ferruginous-brown stellate pubescent (glabrescent), primary axis to ca. 75 cm.

branches slender, internodes short at base, elongated apically, glabrous.

Leaflets abaxially densely glandular punctate, margin partly doubly serrate, teeth glandular apically.

hypanthium funnelform, longitudinally 8-ribbed, apically contracted.

Leaf blade margin biserrate; teeth acuminate with a long awn apically.

Rachis of inflorescences, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx glabrous; leaf blade apically usually abruptly acuminate.

Stems often several, central stem erect, outer ones usually procumbent to ascending, unbranched apically, herbaceous, with 4 lines of hairs.

Fruit samara, drupes, or winged nutlets, apically usually with persistent stigmas.

pericarp slightly thickened apically, easily separated from seed.

Stems 1, erect, ca. 1 m tall, simple or apically branched, glabrous or puberulent, with a ring at each node connecting petiole bases.

Outer sepals lanceolate to broadly lanceolate basally, long and gradually attenuate apically, appressed hairy.

7 (6) Styles appressed into a column at anthesis, then divided only apically in fruit.

Stems often several, cespitose, simple or apically branched, glabrous.

Fruit blackish purple, globose, ca. 3 mm in diam. , apically with a persistent calyx rim.

Corolla purple-red to blue, to 1. 6 cm. Style slender, apically cylindric, pubescent, with a membranous auricle on both sides.

galea lacking marginal teeth, forming a very short obtuse beak apically.

Corolla purplish, tube distinctly widened apically, 3-6 cm; stamens and style scarcely exserted or not.

Leaf blade adaxially with a broad whitish ring; stipules apically acute.

Rhizomes dark red-brown, usually apical part erect, apically becoming a thickened caudex.

Bark at base of trunk rough and flaky, apically silvery white, smooth, and gradually exfoliating.

Fruit dry, ridged or winged, apically with middle part of calyx tube persistent and beak like.

Bark at base of trunk gray to black, fibrous and subtessellated, and persistent, apically grayish green, smooth, and exfoliating.

terminal buds conical, glabrous, apically acute, bud scales ciliate.

Stems several together, erect or ascending, often branched apically.

lobes short, margin usually entire or rep and, rarely few serrate, lateral lobes acute apically.

Petals white, broadly ovate, base cuneate to shortly clawed, margin apically erose.

Seeds yellowish, apically slightly emarginate. Fl.

Culm sheath apically leathery, drying and splitting on culm, blade tiny, drying when young.

Corolla valvate at base of lobes, apically lobes often folded on 1 side and appearing imbricate, tubular, lobed to middle, plicae absent.

Stem erect or ascending from base, succulent, with dense spreading hairs apically.

Stems erect, branched near base or unbranched, rarely branched apically.

Fruit a nut, perigone persistent, base turbinate or obovoid, angled or winged, mostly with 4 rows of ornaments, often apically as horns.

anthers connivent in pairs, locules often apically confluent.

rachis usually tough except apically, margin scabrous hairy.

Culm sheath apically papery, drying but not split on culm, blade broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, leaflike.

Stems usually prostrate and apically ascending, simple or branched, entirely pubescent or with hairs along 2 lines.

Stem ca. 70 cm, apically branched, middle sparsely spreading pubescent, elsewhere glabrous.

Plants without glandular hairs. Leaf lobes obtuse apically.

Leaf blade apically acuminate; drupe ellipsoid.

Petals not open, apically often incurved, contacting each other, and thus corolla globose.

Petals oblong, with brown featherlike venation pattern, obtuse apically.

styles free. Fruit a schizocarp or apically dehiscent capsule.

Sepals unequal, outer sepals rounded-obtuse apically, inner sepals acute apically.

Leaf blade margin entire or very rarely apically sparsely serrate.

connective apically with a ca. 2 mm hornlike appendage.

tube shorter than galea, broadly expanded apically.

ovules few, apically attached to placenta, pendent.

Culm sheath auricles subequal, not covered by base of blade; sheath apically subtruncate.

Leaf blade apically obtuse to rounded, adaxially without spot or with white spot between major veins.

Stems arching and rooting apically, basally terete, angular in middle and apically, glabrous, rarely sparsely hairy on angles.

lobes 3--5, unequal, posterior one small, linear and entire, sometimes absent, lateral lobes distinctly serrate apically.

Style ca. 6 mm, densely brownish pubescent from base to middle, subappressed brownish shortly hairy at middle, glabrous apically.

Stems branched apically or unbranched.

Corolla purple, lobes apically retuse.

anthers close together in pairs, with 2, divaricate, apically confluent cells.

Leaves apically rounded-obtuse, rarely acute, abaxially grayish white when dry; drupe basally with cup-shaped remnants of disk.

Stems simple or apically somewhat branched.

Leaflet blade apically obtuse, rarely acute, adaxially white pilose, abaxially rust-brown pubescent.

Stem ca. 1 m, apically shortly branched, glabrous or sparsely appressed pubescent.

Petals as many as calyx lobes, outside densely puberulous, apically dentate.

15 (14) Style jointed, distal part separating from joint at fruit maturity, proximal part persistent and apically hooked.

limb white or pale rose, glabrous, apically 10-lobed or almost truncate, veins dark purple and not reaching lobe apices.

Herbs perennial, 20--50 cm, densely pubescent throughout, erect, simple, apically glandular hairy.

limb straight, middle lobe obovate-orbicular, to 5. 5 mm in diam. , apex apiculate; lateral lobes ovate-oblong, apically acute.

Stem leaves several, long petiolate, 2-ternate lower on stem, ternate apically.

Filaments thickened proximally, filiform apically, 5--10 mm, often wholly smooth, sometimes basally slightly verruculose.

spur 1. 7--2 cm, sparsely pubescent, apically incurved into a hook.

mature calyx red or pinkish red, ribbed only apically.

Stem ca. 90 cm tall, shortly branched, basally sparsely spreading pubescent, apically glabrous.

secondary veins 5-7 pairs, slender, oblique, straight, apically slightly ascending, obviously prominent abaxially.

Leaf margin serrate apically, entire basally, abaxially pubescent only along midvein when young; peduncle and pedicels glabrous.

Stems diffuse, recumbent or procumbent, 20--25 cm, branched at base, apically glandular pubescent.

13 (12) Lateral lobes apically shortly obtuse or obsolete, rarely acute, margin closely serrulate.

15 (14) Leaf blade apically acute to shortly acuminate, adaxially with a broad whitish ring.

Stem more than 50 cm, simple or branched, basally glabrous, apically spreading pubescent.

Fruit grayish white, broadly ellipsoid, 3-4 mm, apical part narrow, apically with persistent calyx lobes.

veins 5-7 pairs, curve apically along margins and anastomose, reticulate veins elevated on both surfaces.

Leaves deeply 3-lobed, lobes dentate; petiole with 2 glands apically; stipules linear-subulate.

stigmatic lobes 3, spreading, apically cleft.

Lobes of leaves apically obtuse; abaxial surface with 6-25 nectaries; sepals with apical appendage.

Stems single, erect, often many branched apically, with 4 lines of hairs.

Stems sparsely caespitose, ascending, 25--50 cm, branched, basally sparsely villous, apically sparsely hairy.

Stem 50--100 cm tall, simple or apically branched, glabrous, with many leaves equally arranged along stem.

Stem ca. 1 m, apically densely retrorse and appressed pubescent.

Petals white, suborbicular, ca. 1. 5 mm in diam. , apically emarginate and unevenly lacerate.

Stem 80--100 cm tall, branched at middle, apically sparsely retrorse and appressed pubescent.

Annuals or biennials. Stems 50-100 cm, branched apically, sparsely glandular pilose.

Capsule 3-winged, dehiscent apically at maturity.

Calyx glabrous, lobes broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm, obtuse apically.

lodicules 3, margins apically ciliate.

Style apically 5-fissured. Capsule (immature) obconical, 4-5 mm, glabrous, apex slightly projected and resembling a convex lens.

18 (17) Culm sheath apically slightly asymmetrically arched-convex, usually glabrous or with stiff, dark brown hairs near base.

Leaf blade abaxially yellowish gray pubescent, margin basally entire and apically shallowly serrate.

Flowers opening at same time as leaves; hypanthium outside glabrous; petals apically rounded.

Staminal column with many anthers, apically 5-lobed.

Capsule brown, ovoid, ca. 8 cm in diam. , many seeded. Seeds apically winged, ca. 7 cm including wing.

Style long, filiform, apically 3-lobed, adaxially stigmatic.

Stem simple, 40--150 cm tall, glabrous, sometimes white pubescent apically.

Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 mm, glabrous or apically with shaggy hairs.

midvein prominent on both surfaces, secondary veins 7-11 pairs, straight, or apically slightly curved and closed.

Corolla upper side 8-12 mm; stems often stout, usually branched from middle and apically.

Capsule globose or suborbicular, woody, apically 4- or 5-valvate when mature.

bracts leaflike basally, ovate apically, ca. 5 mm. Pedicel ca. 3 mm, purplish, densely glandular puberulent.

Corolla upper side 4-8 mm; stems often slender, simple, rarely apically branched.

Petals 4 or 5, valvate in bud, connate apically and forming a calyptra, falling early.

Herbs, to 1 m tall, unbranched or apically branched.

Rhizomes apically to 1. 2 cm in diam. Stems fascicled, hollow, sparsely hairy.

Stems diffusely branched, to 80 cm, apically glandular hairy.

Ovary black-brown, obovate, ca. 1. 5 mm, glabrous, apically glandular.

Tepals basally pale yellowish green and apically dark purplish red, lanceolate to oblanceolate, ca. 1. 5 mm.

Spathella ca. 2 mm, apically and transversely dehiscent.

Stems 15--45 cm tall, glabrous, unbranched or apically branched.

Drupes ca. 3 mm in diam. , apically glandular.

Stems 1--6, erect or outer ones ascending, branched apically or unbranched, with 4 dense yellow lines of hairs.

Plants to 1--1. 5 m tall, basally with several brownish or whitish, membranous sheaths which usually become reticulate fibers apically.

Ovary slightly 3-lobed apically.

Perianth 4- or 5-lobed, spongy and flattened apically in fruit, with top surface subrhomboid.

first bractlet similar to bract but apically 2- or 3-cuspidate.

Styles 2, apically broadened and 2-cleft or emarginate.

basal lateral veins short, secondary veins 7-15 on each side of midvein, and apically curved.

2 (1) Labellum wholly lilac, apically 2-cleft to base, lobes without yellow lines at center.

Stipules subulate, 1. 5-2 cm, apically curved, sometimes persistent.

pedicels short. Sepals triangular to suboblong, 2-3 mm, apically often minutely papillate, apex acute.

Style ca. 1. 3 cm, densely villous basally, densely pubescent apically.

teeth broadly ovate to triangular, 0. 5-0. 8 mm. Petals apically connate and forming a calyptra, apex rounded to subacute.

4-sided, glabrous; persistent calyx lobes ca. 0. 5 mm, apically apiculate.

Nut broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, adnate to cupule except apically, apex flat, wall 1. 5-4 mm thick and firmly woody.

Plants pilose; anthers 3-3. 6 mm, glabrous or sometimes apically with few hairs.

Ovary 3-loculed, slightly 3-lobed apically, ovules usually many.

Plants perennial. Rhizome ca. 10 cm, ca. 1. 2 cm in diam. , apically branched.

spur 1. 6--2 cm, pubescent, straight or apically slightly incurved.

style ca. 1 cm, glabrous or basally pubescent, apically 3-lobed.

Ovary 5-carpellate; styles 5, ca. 1 mm, united at base, free apically.

Hypanthium cylindric, 5-8 mm, apically barely 8-ribbed, puberulous or glabrous.

Filaments 2. 5-3 cm, hairy at base, curving downward apically.

Stems 0. 3-2 m, apically densely appressed, rust-brown woolly.

Petals ca. 8, pale purple to pale blue, narrowly obovate, 5. 5--11 mm, apically with few small teeth.

5 (4) Leaf central lobe apically acuminate, lateral lobes triangular, petiole 2-5 cm.

Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 1--1. 4 cm in diam.

Bulb ovoid, slightly elongate apically, 1--1. 5 cm in diam.

style ca. 2 cm, glabrous, apically 5-lobed to 5-parted.

Bulbs truncate basally, sometimes elongate and tapering apically, covered with a tunic;

scales imbricate, several, dark reddish brown, glabrous or sparsely pubescent apically. Leaves simple;

calyx tubular, basally thin walled, apically thick walled and either completely fused or not;

tube often enlarged at or near base to form a utricle, apically cylindric or funnel-shaped, rectilinear or curved;

Leaves alternate, clustered apically on branches, appearing whorled;

Leaves sometimes alternate apically on stem, sessile, lower ones sometimes short petiolate;

Female flowers: calyx lobes connate into a tube, apically entire or 3- or 4-lobed, persistent;

distal lobes broadly dolabriform, apex rounded, apically retuse;

Culm sheaths deciduous, glabrous, apically asymmetrically arched, one side slanted, other side arched;

lateral pair with a broadly winged appendage apically notched into 2 teeth;

Female flowers: calyx lobes with margin revolute, apically shield-shaped;

distal lobes broadly dolabriform, very large, apically retuse;

Female flowers: calyx pipeline, apically toothed, lobed, or entire;

Leaves on short branchlets with petiole 2-6 cm, at least sparsely pubescent apically;

upper teeth ovate-triangular, apically acute, middle lobe largest;

Corolla small, tube slightly longer than calyx, decurved apically;

stipules united at base of petiole, apically free, slightly prominent;

Perianth pale green, densely speckled with purplish brown, campanulate, fleshy, 8-lobed apically;

Stamens equal in number to tepals; filaments erect or apically incurved;

Leaves alternate but often clustered apically on branchlets, petiolate;

Leaves odd-pinnate, usually aggregated apically on stem;

Inflorescence a terminal spike, 2- to many flowered, without sterile bracts apically;

Flowers large, fragrant, opening in afternoon or evening and lasting 12--24 hours, purplish black apically in bud. Perianth lemon-colored;

Ovary inferior, 2-loculed, apically partly surrounded by a disk, free part elongating after anthesis;

Flower solitary. Perianth pale green, campanulate, 6-lobed apically;

Petals erect at anthesis, slightly curved apically, pale green, linear-lanceolate, ca. 2. 5 mm. Stamens usually shorter than petals;

Filaments slightly compressed, 3--4 mm, papillose or shortly cottony, apically slightly dilated or saccate-convex;

Leaves ternate especially apically on branchlets or opposite;

Fruit a pyxidium, apically plane or slightly convex;

Glumes absent to 2, gradually transformed into lemmas, mucronate, basally and apically usually sterile;

Pseudocapsule obconical, ca. 1 cm in diam. , apically truncate;

Perianth white or pale yellow, sometimes apically tinged pink, 4--7 mm, sparsely pubescent, rarely densely so;

tube erect, slightly bent apically, ca. as long as calyx;

Leaf blade apically acute or acuminate;

galea bent at a right angle apically;

galea falcate apically, to 2 cm, with 1 marginal tooth or margin obscurely denticulate on each side;

galea erect, bowed apically, ca. as long as tube, with 2 marginal teeth;

Upper petal orbicular, ca. 1. 2 cm in diam. , apex retuse, abaxial midvein fine, apically slightly thickened;

galea falcate apically, with 3--6 marginal teeth on each side near rounded apex;

wing apically inserted, 7-8 mm, comparatively thick, margin distinctly 3-partite;

Corolla red; tube slightly decurved basally, 7--9 mm, slightly expanded apically;

Culms to 9 m, ca. 5 cm in diam. , basally slightly flexuous, apically slightly drooping;

Male inflorescences 3-6 cm, pubescent, basally dense, apically lax;

leaf blade linear-lanceolate, 1. 5--6 cm, abaxially glandular pubescent, adaxially glabrous, pinnatifid or only double dentate apically;

cauline leaf blade 2--2. 8 cm wide, adaxially velutinous, ultimate lobules apically rounded or obtuse;

secondary veins 11-14 on each side of midvein, adaxially slightly impressed, abruptly curving apically near margin but not fusing;

Calyx 1-1. 2 cm, tube apically sparsely pubescent between ribs;

2 (1) Styles apically broadened and 2-cleft or emarginate;

Petal limbs suborbicular, 2. 8--4. 5 mm, apex retuse or entire, apically mucronate;

Pedicels 1. 5--3. 5 cm, proximally densely pubescent, apically sparsely so, with 2 bracteoles at middle or above;

Culms ca. 8 m, to 3. 8 cm in diam. , basally slightly flexuous, apically drooping;

Carpels erect, 4-4. 5 mm, base connate for ca. 1 mm and wide, apically tapered;

Ovary semisuperior, basally 3-loculed, apically 1-loculed;