bail-outs

Meanwhile, talk of bail-outs for newspapers of the kind seen in the banking and automotive industries have been largely ruled out in the US.

Ideally, fiscal support for banks should be targeted, if it is needed at all. Bail-outs are often limited to just one institution.

Now it is a question of waiting to see whether and how the bail-outs, more lending and other initiatives will help to stimulate economies.

The president said America was "beginning to see signs of progress" from the bail-outs and stimulus measures that have passed so far.

Without a watchdog of this kind the bail-outs could easily have escalated into a wave of tit-for-tat subsidies for national champions.

Up to September 15, debate focused on moral hazard, or the extent to which government bail-outs encourage irresponsible behaviour.

How much have previous bail-outs cost?

Contrary to what the European Council said, the private sector participation will be a blueprint for bail-outs that are yet to come.

Furthermore, the final cost of the bail outs is now projected to be 60% less than the Treasury Department previously estimated.

It was also the last. The public will not, and should not, accept more such bail-outs.

The IMF proposed a scheme for co-ordinated global taxes on banks' balance-sheets and profits to help pay for the cost of bail-outs.

It may be that the best way to avoid further bail-outs and stimulus is to be willing to consider them.

Until now, strains over the euro have had little effect on domestic politics, however unpopular the bail-outs may be.

It is only in small part the result of bail-outs of the financial sector or of stimulus programmes.

For a brief, surreal moment, the prevailing narrative in Washington was that the 2008-09 bail-outs were not really so bad.

Some leaders may be tempted to help their economies by competitive devaluations, export subsidies or industrial bail-outs.

The main reason is to explain its decisions better and restore some legitimacy with a public still seething after crisis-era bail-outs.

The bank bail-outs now being announced will not prevent an economic slowdown.

Greece, Ireland and Portugal were all forced to accept international bail-outs after their borrowing costs reached that level.

In an effort to minimise the cost of future bail-outs , regulators are seeking far-reaching powers to close failing banks in an orderly way.

Public opinion is ambiguous: voters tell pollsters they dislike bail-outs, but do not want to see the euro destroyed.

His position made him a crucial figure in arranging bail-outs for Greece, Ireland and Portugal.

The bank bail-outs hog attention, but many of the government's crisis measures were designed to prop up the shadow system.

The "frozen" reserves appear to be the result of the unexpected sequence of bank bail-outs in 2008.

The figure is not a complete picture of Fed finances as it excludes its company-specific bail-outs and purchases of long-term assets.

Conversely, a recovering economy means fewer bank failures, so government balance-sheets are less likely to be strained by bail-outs.

Now, in the name of systemic risk, bail-outs have poured staggering sums into the failed institutions that brought the economy down.

Moreover, all the arguments over rescue funds and bank bail-outs are in the end about who will pay, not whether the system is worth saving.

All these bail-outs, not to speak of the economic shock that will follow the financial one, are going to push up public borrowing.

Further bail-outs of Greece and Portugal in the form of loans from the rest of the eurozone are unlikely.

A more pressing concern is the impact that ballooning bank bail-outs are likely to have on Ireland's public debt.

The vote was triggered by eurosceptics who wanted the party to take a tougher line in opposing bail-outs for members of the eurozone.

This lack of coherence extends beyond the deficit. Do Republicans favour state bail-outs for banks or not?

Exploding fiscal deficits are mainly the result of collapses in activity and revenue rather than of bank bail-outs.

and blank cheque bail-outs, like the one to the Irish banks, are a stupid waste of innocents' money.

and that Ireland could expect the burden of its bank bail-outs to be eased.

In coming years deficit reduction will be hard enough, with the recession-induced collapse in tax collections and the cost of the bail-outs.

Reflecting this, only a few telecoms companies received state bail-outs.

For now, the Treasury's calculated risk looks better judged than those of a banking system intoxicated by bail-outs.

Its hesitation about euro bail-outs and decision to shut down the nuclear industry are a measure of Ms Merkel's domestic troubles.

Without bank bail-outs the financial crash would have been even more of a catastrophe.

Dubbed the "Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" , it effectively guarantees future Wall Street bail-outs.

But it need not be so. If the bail-outs are well handled, taxpayers could end up profiting from their reluctant investment in the banks.

If the party joins government, as seems likely, Finland will take a tougher line on future bail-outs of troubled economies.

Rich European countries may need up to $1 trillion to cover their budget deficits and bank bail-outs.

We avoided a near depression and financial sector meltdown with a massive monetary, fiscal stimulus and bank bail-outs.

Although unpopular, the mercurial Mr Sarkozy faces none of Mrs Merkel's problems of public opposition to bail-outs.

AS THE tab for bank bail-outs rises, the notion that a firm can be "too big to fail" has become almost too much to stomach.

The measures would make it easier to aid debt-burdened economies without resorting to fully-fledged bail-outs.

Then there are the things that we don't know about , like the bail outs and stimulus plan .

Perino says that President Bush, who does not favor corporate bail-outs as a rule, approved this takeover reluctantly as a last resort.

Mr Chabot's record is easier to glean; he resolutely opposed bail-outs when he was a congressman in the autumn of 2008.

Bail-outs and billions of stimulus spending, however justified at the time, got government back into the habit of intervention.

The cash will go to repay some of the $9bn in preferred equity the Fed injected into the vehicle after one of its many bail-outs of AIG.

While eurozone members lack the political will for unconditional bail-outs, they accept that they need to help each other during a crisis.

The Food Bank's main office is just steps away from some of the firms who were given federal bail-outs.

Perhaps the Chinese government is assuming it can just buy its way out of any banking crisis by orchestrating another round of bail outs .

But if the discount window is to be used, loans should be made only to solvent institutions. Bail-outs should be avoided .

And she fears that her country's constitutional court may rule all euro zone bail-outs to be illegal.

And its desperate bail-outs risk mortgaging our future, mostly in a gamble to get re-elected.

But there was a complete failure to organise bank bail-outs across borders.

The Bavarian, who has so far backed the bail-outs, has made plain his mounting impatience.

Both the yields and premiums are close to levels that pushed Greece, Ireland and Portugal into bail-outs.

The authorities received the shares in exchange for repeated bail-outs of the insurer during the turmoil.

Bail-outs can save the innocent as well as the culpable, but even when they don't, it is fantasy to expect governments to refrain from them.

The rich world's bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow.

The controversy is not surprising. Britain had two of the world's largest bail-outs, of Lloyds Group and Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS).

They pursued aggressive debt-financed growth strategies, dabbled recklessly in derivatives and received regular bail-outs.

The crisis in the euro zone forced Mrs Merkel to push colossal bail-outs through a reluctant Bundestag.

Will voters become so angry that they demand more populist public bail-outs of the housing sector (or financial reform)?

The revenue would serve as an insurance fund in case the banks required costly government bail-outs in future.

The state-sponsored bail-outs of western banks risk rewarding management teams for failure, the chief executive of HSBC warned yesterday.

So, like Japan, the US is caught between the elite's fear of bankruptcy and the public's loathing of bail-outs.

Angela Merkel, the chancellor, grudgingly agreed to a series of progressively larger bail-outs of weaker euro members.

As well as disagreeing on euro-zone bail-outs, the parties are at odds on tax, pension age, foreign aid and immigration.

That does not mean, however, that bail-outs are always or often justified.

Republicans saw it as an authentic backlash against Washington's bail-outs.

Germany pays out via bail-outs and intra-regional transfers; but it also receives benefits via trade and monetary channels.

it was widely thought to be finished with housing bail-outs.

Germany's highest court is deliberating on complaints that the bail-outs violate the constitution and European law.

Newspapers missed the brief moment when the government was an easy touch for bail-outs of one "vital" industry or another.

Portugal and Greece blame Germany for the austerity they have to undergo in exchange for bail-outs to keep the euro together.

The government's accounting, typically for bail-outs, also takes a narrow view of the fiscal cost of a crisis.

After Massachusetts, senators squirmed about supporting anyone so closely involved with bank bail-outs.

raising more questions about the ability of those countries to back any further potential euro-area bail-outs.

Angela Merkel, chancellor, insisted on new rules to deal with fiscal profligacy and future bail-outs.

Arguments rage over which chain reaction would be more damaging: serial bail-outs or serial defaults.

Voters in creditor countries resent endless bail-outs; in debtor countries they resent endless belt-tightening.

Better someone else be in charge of bail-outs, he argues, than the Federal Reserve, which he led for 18 years.

Indeed, bail-outs may be a roundabout means to get the stability Germany craves.

The country scrambled to arrange bilateral bail-outs, approaching China and Saudi Arabia before finally turning to the fund.

That is easier said than done, especially since the recent bail-outs have reaffirmed the state as a backstop.

The government led the world with its bank bail-outs, he adds, even if it didn't quite save it.

When others first raised the possibility of bail-outs of errant eurozone economies, she wanted sanctions instead.

He squashes talk of a regional rescue fund. "No bail-outs, " he insists.

Bail-outs require unanimity (Finland also needs parliamentary approval to participate), giving the country a veto.

The chief reason is not the "bail-outs" of banks but the recessions.

As Britain's tax on bank bonuses shows, fiscal policy in the rich world risks being driven by rising public fury at bankers and bail-outs.

The IMF bail-outs also helped to restore confidence, bolstered by reforms to restructure and strengthen banking.

As for moral hazard, the expectation of future bail-outs may prompt managers and unions in other industries to behave rashly.

Governments, which must pay for any future bail-outs, will also view any effort to centralise stress tests with suspicion.

The recession will test Portugal and Ireland's ability to meet stringent targets set by their bail-outs.

It is one that may constrain his ability to obtain future funds from Congress should money be needed for more bail-outs.

That was the level at which Greece, Ireland and Portugal all needed bail-outs.

As the bail-outs continue, numbers that once looked huge are starting to seem almost normal.

Bond markets, debt and bail-outs must feel like a similar challenge.

That need not mean wholesale bail-outs but it does mean a programme of concerted, co-ordinated action.

And the combination of pork-stuffed legislation and scandal-riven bail-outs threatens to create a populist backlash.

A resulting recession, though possibly severe, would almost certainly not have been as prolonged or have required bail-outs.

Do Republicans favour state bail-outs for banks or not?

In 2008 officials had to choose between taxpayer bail-outs (bad) or systemic financial collapse (probably worse).

Despite public rage over bank bail-outs, the industry has also comprehensively failed its owners.

The difference may sound small but helps to explain why the first round of Western bank bail-outs in October has needed a follow-up.

In point of fact, many Republicans in Congress voted for the TARP, the mother of all the bail-outs.

Bail-outs of the world's banks pose a threat to free trade, warned Pascal Lamy, head of the World Trade Organisation.

They have tracked the hesitancy that accompanied the Greek and Irish bail-outs and the caveats being attached by Berlin to future rescues.

The rest will be "nationalistic" ventures in need of regular government bail-outs.

The federal government, as a result of successive bail-outs, now owns about 80% of AIG.

So the present dispute over pay and bonuses is more than a focus for populist anger about the cost of taxpayer bail-outs.

Bond yields for Europe's periphery remain worryingly high despite the bail-outs of Greece and Ireland.

The bail-outs were unpopular everywhere, but may have prevented the world's banking system from imploding.

But he has run into problems in a Congress weary of bail-outs and concerned about the swelling budget deficit.

If that does not make you sick to the sacrum then we can talk about bail-outs as well.

Some argue that both the US Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III capital requirements have now ended US bail-outs.

Two other incentive distortions reinforce this bias towards bail-outs.

The chat rooms were sizzling with indignation at the plunge in the Chinese stock markets, and angry commentators were demanding bail outs.

As catastrophic losses prompted multiple bail-outs, this month its shares briefly dropped below $1.

All three bail-outs envisage this happening relatively quickly.

Democrats who shrink from criticising their own president can attack the Fed over bank bail-outs.

Germany's hostility to (German) taxpayer-financed bail-outs is familiar.

One result of bail-outs is that global over-capacity remains a big problem, making many companies marginally profitable at best.

On second thoughts, maybe it's best to send it directly back to the US government to be spent willy -nilly on bail-outs.

The rich world'sbank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to theemerging world will slow.

In the long term, the lesson of the past two decades' crises is that bail-outs are not good for markets.

In the past year, the fund has played a central role in the bail outs of ailing euro-zone nations Greece, Ireland and Portugal.

Greece and now Ireland have forced them, reluctantly, into bail-outs.

Another round of bank bail-outs is politically unacceptable.

This would have been made easier had restructuring of older debts been carried out before the recent bail-outs.

Or advocates of state bail-outs for carmakers and biotech companies.

In short, the bail outs may haved sowed confusion about the difference between unhealthy companies and healthy ones.

In 2001 Argentina defaulted on its foreign debts after huge bail-outs that went wrong.

The ban on bail-outs must remain credible, in the interests of all the euro members.

One idea, popular in US Republican circles, is: "just say no" to bail-outs.

Bail-outs backed largely by German taxpayers have gone too far, he thinks.

But the markets have repeatedly tested that approach, requiring ever larger and more elaborate bail-outs.

Over the past 18 months, Germany has tried every trick to limit its contribution to the euro bail-outs.

Another is the debilitating row about Germany's stance towards bail-outs and credit haircuts, which is also sapping confidence.

and, finally, privatisations and bail-outs.

Bail-outs, they feel, only encourage profligacy.

As a result, China's homegrown chip manufacturers have already undergone several rounds of bail-outs.

Sales dropped even further in 2009, despite government bail-outs and subsidies for new-car buyers.

Meanwhile, European countries such as Ireland are struggling to refinance the public debt burden brought on by past bank bail-outs.

They think the country is run by Ivy League snobs who are mortgaging its future to give bail-outs to their chums on Wall Street.

Many doubt its future after a torrid year of sovereign-debt crises and bail-outs.

In the financial turmoil of 2008, bail-outs by the US and other governments were unfortunate, but necessary.

But giant fiscal stimuluses, tax cuts and bail-outs are weighing heavily on public finances.

It is useless to pretend otherwise: bail-outs are inevitable and sometimes they are even desirable.

This perspective can suggest lessons for today's bail-outs.

Greece, Ireland and Portugal all needed bail outs after bond rates climbed above 7 per cent.

The NCP believes that bail-outs are in Finland's own interests.

Measures have been taken to prevent system-wide bail-outs.

In the US, there were ideological arguments over bail-outs.

At those banks which got bail outs, the medicine is far harsher.

Both parties keep quiet about having supported past bail-outs for systemically important banks in 2008 and 2009.

Government ownership will restrict their liberty, and lead to deepening losses and, in the end, taxpayer bail-outs.

Restructuring along with bail-outs.

Under the gold standard, the scale of bail-outs was constrained.

HOW to explain another week of bail-outs, billion-dollar losses and brutal bank sell-offs?

This is how each of these men benefited personally from the government bail-outs.

Otherwise, we would soon return to the world of fragility and bail-outs.

As to gratitude for the government bail-outs, the formidable Christine Lagarde has it right.

But we already have some and the bail-outs of Greek, Irish and Portuguese bondholders broke them.

It is the European bail-outs that really rile Ford.

Secondly because they are not rich enough to finance their own bail-outs.

The agreement is the result of pressure by the finance ministry after a series of bail-outs of the sector last year.

The latest bill passing through Congress aims to hit the industry for the cost of bail-outs, for example.

Investors know that the current bail-outs are not sustainable: a plan B is needed.

The Maastricht treaty of 1992 proscribed bail-outs of improvident member nations, which was meant to avoid such issues ever arising.

A majority think that even after the bail-outs of Greece, Ireland and Portugal, the worst is yet to come.

A big sum, of course, but not overwhelming given the scale of west European bank bail-outs.

Banks have a special status in the economy: that is why they receive bail-outs when other companies should not.

Germany's desire for more intrusive controls over euro members' fiscal and economic policies is understandable after last year's bail-outs.

In fact, banks in America today are hoarding, rather than lending, most of the cash that they have received from the government's bail outs.

The idea had been to soothe Lib Dem delegates and the broader British public, which is still aggrieved about the costly bank bail-outs.

But what Wednesday's release shows is that this focus on the "obvious" bail-outs misses the point;

Helped by government bail-outs and with debt burdens lightened by bankruptcy, Chrysler and GM are back on their feet;

auto and financial bail-outs skewed towards domestic companies;

Spain discovers that bail-outs bring austerity and lost freedom

Ten-year bond yields are sky-high for Greece and Ireland, despite the bail-outs of 2010;

China near to agreeing state bank bail-outs

Excluding the banking bail-outs, public-sector net debt now stands at 40. 4% of GDP;