seta

OBJECTIVE To identify Periostracum Cicadae and its two counterfeits by observation of microscopic characteristics of setae in animal drugs.

On hairy leaves, nymphs and pupae are often small with elongated dorsal setae, their margins are crenelated and sometimes indented deeply.

The cone-shaped setae as the major wax secretion organ secreted thick tube-shape wax filaments that formed framework of the felt sac.

axis and rachis very slender, puberulous, pedicels usually without setae, those of a pair often partially connate.

Mature capsule straight or spirally twisted, usually densely hairy, often with soft setae which are themselves hairy.

young shoots scaly, scales sessile or stalked, strap-shaped setae sometimes present.

Culm sheaths without auricles and oral setae, uniformly thickly white powdery.

Abaxial leaf surface with persistent setae that are glandular or branched at tip.

Internodes initially hairy below node; leaf sheath auricles and oral setae absent.

Young shoots, petioles, and pedicels densely hispid, with strap-shaped setae.

Stipules membranous, splitting into few whitish setae.

On glabrous leaves, they are large with microscale or least elongated dorsal setae , their margins are smooth.

young shoots with dense stipitate or sessile scales, strap-shaped setae absent.

branches many and fine, densely shiny brown appressed-setose, setae flat.

Type II setae are smooth with scales around tip, with complicated pore structure.

young branches greenish, with short-glandular hairs and setae.

Culm sheath auricles without oral setae; blade glabrous.

Internodes glabrous; leaf sheath auricles large, falcate, fimbriate with brown setae ca. 1 cm.

Culms white hairy initially; culm sheath oral setae scarce.

young shoots with glandular and glandular setae.

Culms glabrous; culm sheaths oral setae absent.

Herbs perennial. Stems erect, 60-100 cm tall, stout, much branched, striate, densely setose, setae deciduous.

Culms solid; culm sheath auricles elliptic; culm sheath oral setae radiate, ca. 5 mm.

Branchlets brown pulveraceous-tomentose; stipules obsolete; capsule setae ca. 3 mm.

Young shoots with or without setae.

7 (6) Culms initially glabrous but pruinose, culm sheaths glabrous or with sparse setae.

Leaf sheaths without prominent oral setae, ligule ca. 1 mm.

Ovary glabrous, 2-loculed; leaf blade variegated, setae pale color.

20 (19) Apex of upper lemma with a tuft of short setae.

fructiferous stipes ca. 2 cm, with very short setae.

Culm sheath ligule arcuate, ca. 10 mm, auricles oval to elliptical, oral setae ca. 10 mm.

connective basally extended adaxially into an inconspicuous spur bearing 2 long setae.

pedicels 2-3 mm, jointed at base, pubescence of very short setae.

Culm sheaths narrowly triangular, longer than internodes, brown setose, densely so at base, margins ciliate, auricles and oral setae absent;

Culm sheaths orange-yellow, glaucous, with scattered clumps of readily deciduous, brown setae;

auricles unequal, oblong or sometimes narrowly lanceolate, adaxially and marginally with undulate slender setae;

both surfaces glabrous except for glandular-setose midrib and main veins, setae towards base;

auricles usually conspicuous, always with marginal oral setae;

oral setae slender, undulate, densely covering margins of auricles;

tube terete, constricted below middle, with densely antrorse setae;

oral setae undulate, densely covering margins and adaxial surface;

auricles dotlike or elliptic, scabrous, ciliate, oral setae straight or curved;

sheath glabrous, auricles and oral setae absent;

oral setae radiating from auricle or erect if auricle absent;

oral setae soon caducous, straight or curved, rigid;

auricles and oral setae well developed, dark purple;

auricles absent or if present, small, sparsely fringed with scabrid oral setae;

base rounded; margin with caducous setae;

oral setae absent or several, short on distal sheaths;

veins sometimes with strap-shaped setae;

auricles, oral setae, and ligule absent;

auricles small or absent, with or without oral setae;

oral setae radiate, straw-colored or purple-red;

oral setae well developed, curved;

auricles and oral setae present or absent;

oral setae few, erect, yellow or gray-yellow;

Herbs perennial, 0. 4-1 m, indumentum mostly pubescent, setae sometimes restricted to epicalyx, root swollen, radish-shaped;

auricles falcate, large, fimbriate with brown setae ca. 1 cm;

auricles and oral setae often absent, rarely 2, short;

rachis ca. 1 cm, pubescence of very short brown setae;

spathes 5 or 6, auricles and oral setae absent or oral setae weakly developed;

oral setae long, wavy;

oral setae radiate, purple, ca. 3 mm;