recession

Recessions are a natural part of life, think of it as a baby evolution that makes adjustments and restores things to a more balances manner.

His view was that the government could expand the money supply during recessions and contract it in the subsequent booms.

One of the reasons was that those recessions were aggravated by crises in the financial sector itself.

As I said, these consequences probably won't be as bad as the devastating recessions that racked third-world victims of the same syndrome.

The length of a downturn can be measured against earlier recessions , but its intensity is harder to quantify and compare.

Paul Samuelson once said that the stock market had predicted eight of the last five recessions. The same might be said of recoveries.

"We must be prepared to consider the possibility that periodic mild recessions are a necessary price for avoiding major ones. "

In a paper written a year ago, Mr Hall described such apparently " causeless " recessions as perplexing.

As the paper says, "There is an intrinsic uncertainty due to recessions, because business structures and practices have to be rearranged. "

Still, so far some of these indicators have merely gotten back to their worst levels of recent recessions.

Such a policy would not eliminate financial crises or recessions altogether.

By this point after the past three recessions, it was an average of 87.

It is only in recessions that this enthusiasm for debt reveals its dangers.

Forecasters always seem to underestimate the ability of the Asian tigers to rebound from recessions.

In comparison, by this point following the eight recessions between World War II and 1982, GDP had already increased 4%, on average.

It used to be that full-time employment fell more slowly than output around recessions; since 1990 it has fallen as, or more, quickly.

He has no time for the theoretical economists' penchant for "efficient" balance sheets that lead companies to insolvency in recessions.

"It's growing clear that the recession is going to have a shelf life unlike the last recessions in both scope and duration, " he added.

Forecasters always seem to underestimate the ability of the Asian tigerstorebound from recessions.

Just as important are the scars left by the financial crises of the late 1990s. Foreign money fled, setting off deep recessions.

These are good reasons not to place too much weight on GDP in trying to spot recessions or when comparing slowdowns across economies.

The source of recessions turns out to be the alleged "protector" of the economy: the central bank itself.

We have had recessions. It is a boom and bust cycle that we are having and people are starting to get fed up with it .

To be sure, sales of new homes did tend to do a little worse during recessions, but the difference was small and short-lived.

In previous recessions it was able to accomplish this by dramatically reducing short-term interest rates.

The question is: what impact did these severe regional recessions have on locals' answers in the General Social Survey?

Over the past four decades, we have experienced the oil embargo, Carter-era malaise and a few recessions.

Its 20-year bout of recessions has given it a massive national debt.

Economists like to joke that Wall Street has predicted nine out of the last five recessions.

Cutting lawyers' jobs used to be frowned upon in the profession and thus rarely happened, even in recessions.

Having exhausted suitable letters of the alphabet, commentators talk of bath-shaped and hook-shaped recessions as well.

Similar sentiments were expressed coming out of the last few recessions, too.

In addition, as economies around the world recover from deep recessions, consumers are again shelling out for luxury leather goods.

Recessions are not unusual, but the extent to which the origins of the current crisis are financial is.

You might be tempted to take comfort from the fact that the last two recessions, in 1990-1991 and 2001, were both quite short.

Housing has led the economy out of past recessions. It creates jobs and is a catalyst for spending on goods and services.

But in past recessions, new-home prices have tended to be weaker than existing-home prices, the opposite of what has happened in this cycle.

Unemployment peaked well below the levels endured in past recessions and had begun to drift down.

The committee maintains a chronology of the beginning and ending dates (months and quarters) of U. S. recessions.

By leaving monetary policy to market forces we would have normal recessions and minor booms that would be totally self-regulating.

Can the US expect the rapid recovery in employment it has experienced coming out of previous recessions?

Most of that rise came not from financial rescues but from prolonged recessions and the fiscal expansions designed to combat them.

This will be very hard, because policymakers are not rewarded, and probably never will be, for allowing small crises or small recessions.

Going forward, higher economic volatility, combined with a secular downtrend in economic growth, will create more frequent recessions.

The other half took place in periods of recessions and financial stress.

As the latest World Economic Outlook notes in an important chapter, recessions that follow financial crises are unusually severe.

The Fed may no longer be the prime suspect for causing recessions; but it is still an accessory to the crime.

"In the past recessions, when claims have been at these levels, we have not seen job gains of that magnitude, " he added.

But it's not bad, simply because half of our business is audit and people have to pay for audits both in recessions and in boom times.

Evidence from past deep recessions suggests that unemployment is unlikely to fall as quickly as it has risen.

But recessions triggered by financial crises, like this one, can skew the healing process.

A recovery will begin in 2009 but, as was the case after the past two recessions, it will be so weak as to be invisible to the naked eye.

"Recessions that tended to be the deepest were sparked by events that caught the business sector off guard, " said Mr.

But today's Fed acts quickly to suppress recessions, which it recognises are mostly due to a lack of demand, not an excess of track.

Unlike previous recessions, the luxury chains have been hit hard this time - here prices as well as quality of service have been cut.

It really is traced to Keynes' great book The General Theory, which in 1936 provided a new way for us to think about booms and recessions.

Recessions are supposed to be temporary, and when it's over, everything returns to where it was before.

It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.

Much of the rest of Asia brims with confidence that its time has come, present savage recessions notwithstanding.

Accordingly, to protect themselves against the worst possibilities, employers shed workers much more sharply than usual in recessions.

Pornography had been immune to previous recessions, so the current downturn has come as a shock.

If so, that suggests the changes may be permanent, and the labor force won't suddenly surge in size, as it has done after other recessions.

After previous recessions an acceleration in output had helped the employment recover to its initial level.

We've had depressions. We've had recessions. It is a boom and bust cycle that we're having and people start to get fed up with it.

And during the "Great Moderation" recessions were short, limiting the damage done to banks' balance-sheets by bad debts.

The number of cinema tickets sold actually increased during three out of the past four recessions.

Unlike the aftermath of typical recessions, simply lowering interest rates hasn't been enough to get growth back on track, economists say.

And companies that emerge best from recessions tend to be those with the balance-sheet strength to invest and grab market share.

It prospered in an era when asset markets were generally rising, debt was plentiful and cheap, and recessions were rare and relatively mild.

Ruthless cost-cutting reminiscent of recessions past is already underway on Wall Street and across the City of London.

History suggests that such balance-sheet recessions are long and that the recoveries which eventually follow them are feeble.

Can the U. S. avoid continuing down the deep rut of past financial crises and recessions?

Most crisis-hit emerging economies experienced huge recessions and a tidal wave of insolvencies.

Rudd's stimulus worked: Australia had the shortest and shallowest of recessions of the advanced industrial countries.

Recessions are times when the unspeakable happens; when the foundation on which we build caves in.

S. economist at Barclays Capital. And most forecasters proved to be too pessimistic as prior deep recessions ended.

But the overwhelming likelihood remains that the fiscal costs of deep recessions are substantially greater than those of rescuing finance.

Because why should anyone imagine that you need more than gut feelings to analyze things like financial crises and recessions?

Joseph Schumpeter argued that recessions are a process of creative destruction in which inefficient firms are weeded out.

Places that have thrived as gateways for globalisation, like Singapore, are facing particularly harsh recessions.

Keynesians emphasize reducing aggregate demand during economic expansions and increasing demand during recessions to keep inflation stable.

Earlier recessions were more or less deliberately engineered by the Federal Reserve, which raised interest rates to control inflation.

The historical data used to predict recessions in the past are less useful if a new shock cannot be offset with fiscal and monetary policy.

AMERICANS are used to thinking of their job market as lithe and supple. Employment snaps back quickly after recessions.

Churches, synagogues and mosques have historically fared reasonably well during recessions, even as other institutions struggled.

Believing in the power of the Fed, economists mostly stopped researching the use of fiscal policy to fight recessions or depressions.

Latin American recessions can cost the exchequer 20% of its revenues, compared with 6% for the OECD as a whole.

In recessions the private sector may have little desire to borrow anyway.

That has led to a series of "jobless" recoveries after recessions in the early 1990s and at the start of this decade.

Two asset bubbles, two recessions and a financial crisis certainly took their toll.

Governmentsinevitably face deep recessions, wars, or other emergencies that require heavyborrowing.

On top of inflation targeting, they have to ensure financial stability, sort out individual bankruptcies and limit the impact of recessions.

Marriages are also increasing in other countries as recessions spread around the world.

Income has, inevitably, dipped after previous recessions, but never by so much.

But being more flexible and better at processing information than are large corporations, small businesses are resilient during recessions.

Economies are weakening across the globe. The recessions in the euro zone's periphery are deepening.

That ultimately spooked foreign investors, who fled en masse, triggering sharp currency devaluations and painful recessions.

NBER looks at many factors in its dating of peaks, troughs, and recessions, but it largely boils down to GDP.

Europe's combination of policies is undoubtedly a vast improvement on its reaction to joblessness in other deep recessions.

On his definition, depressions, like recessions, can be mild or severe.

Some economists believe that recessions are a necessary feature of economic growth.

Economic recessions begin when the market discovers that many investment projects launched during the boom years are not profitable.

He was a great job creator in Washington during two national recessions.

In past recessions, consumers have begun to spend even before the recession ended and employment started to rise.

So if the Fed did not cause this and the past two recessions, what did?

Moody's data show consumer spending in the recovery is running below the growth seen after the last four recessions.

His analysis casts a particularly bright light on the cyclical downturns that we call recessions, or in extreme cases depressions.

The financial crisis has plunged European countries into major recessions and many workers have been laid off.

Recessions are likely to be more frequent than they were in the 1980s and 1990s, and the overall growth rate sluggish.

There's an interesting general theory for why we started seeing jobless recoveries in the last two recessions in the early '90s and '00s.

And that's what happened in the past few recessions, and this time around as well.

Despite differences, all recessions share certain characteristics.

During the last two recessions, those in their mid-40s to mid-50s showed employment gains, while younger workers bore the brunt of cutbacks.

Wars, inflation, recessions and bear markets also eroded the concentration of wealth at the top.

All recessions have cultural and social effects, but in major downturns the changes can be profound.

Despite equal rights, women still make 43 percent less than men, giving them more reason to seek a partner during recessions.

As recessions worsen, losses in tax revenue and higher jobless spending will offset some projected improvements to budget deficits.

The oil crisis in Venezuela and the crash of the Argentinean peso sparked recessions that inhibited wealth generation there.

We've seen two burst bubbles, two recessions, two major wars (many more minor skirmishes), lower employment, and higher income inequality.

It would leave governments with more fiscal room to deal with recessions to come.

Indeed many emerging markets are now facing hard landings and recessions every bit as severe as their developed market counterparts.

Recessions occur when optimism turns to pessimism, and businesses are reluctant to place bets on a prosperous future.

Recessions are often a good time to launch new products, as old certainties are questioned and consumer tastes shift.

The research also shows that the impact of the downturn on average household spending has been greater than in previous recessions.

During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors.

Either they implement tough austerity measures, subjecting their economies to savage recessions.

Since recessions mean mothballed car plants, older cars and quieter roads, we may have the opportunity to relive this age for real.

It has been the most extraordinary 18 months, and quite unlike most recessions that I've experienced, which tend to creep up on you slowly.

Optimists point to America's experience over the past century as evidence that recessions, even severe ones, need not do lasting damage.

Oil prices were rising before each of those recessions, as James Hamilton rightly noted.

There is no such thing as a standard policy response to all recessions.

As is typical during serious recessions, long-term unemployment grew a lot as the recession became more severe and prolonged.

In the private sector during previous recessions, furloughs were associated with large manufacturers.

US recessions are driven by the retrenchment of the corporate sector in response to shocks.

Thus, the career path to software engineering may be rough, especially during recessions.

In recessions, brands, which are after all only perceived values, lose their perceived value as savings become as stronger value.

This was demonstrated in some detail by the late Christopher Dow in his study, "Major Recessions" , published in 1998.

Harris Private Bank's Jack Ablin says deep recessions generate a vicious circle between job losses and reduced economic activity.

Recessions have become tamer than ever before, averaging eight months rather than two years.

Following the dramatic currency depreciations in many East Asian economies in 1997, these countries suffered sharp and lingering recessions.

As after past recessions, the system would survive the shock more or less intact.

The rural economy has faced recurring expansions and recessions that haven't always followed national and urban patterns.

However, these modest increases are much weaker than the rebound in consumer consumption experienced after previous recessions.

During recessions, idled factories spew less pollution and fewer people commuting to jobs means fewer traffic deaths.

During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way.

'We're in the midst of one of the most synchronized global recessions we've ever seen.

AMERICANS are unaccustomed to recessions, particularly ones that involve shopping less.

Recessions, after all, cause real damage: job losses, higher levels of business failures, and falling tax receipts.

This happened after each of the last four recessions.

He noted that other studies had found that recessions can benefit babies by giving their parents more time at home.

The latest initial jobless claims in the US now show a clear downward trend, a good indicator of the end of recessions in the past.

In the absence of external adjustment, the fiscal cuts imposed on fragile members will just cause prolonged and deep recessions.

Other nations are trying various economic measures to either jump-start their economies or lessen the impact of recessions.

Recessions in key export markets such as the U. S. and Europe have prompted Indian exporters to cut production and lay off workers.

It is increasingly clear that the current downturn is fundamentally different from recessions of recent decades.

Typically such systems experience faster expansions during business-cycle upswings and more abrupt contractions during recessions.

Investors sometimes say that recessions help to reveal flaws in business models.

First, comparisons between today and the deep recessions of the early 1980s are utterly misguided.

Severe recessions typically produce strong labour-market recoveries.

Historically, deeper recessions are followed by stronger recoveries.

Cycle-dependent capital ratios would reduce the tendency of banks to lend too generously in booms and too timidly in recessions.

Credit spreads normally rise during recessions as borrower quality deteriorates.

That leaves exports, Japan's normal route out of recessions.

However, in the US recessions are officially declared by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

But there are get-out clauses for recessions or national crises.

Income has dipped after prior recessions, but never by so much.

There is a considerable relationship between the depth of recessions and subsequent recoveries.

There are recessions like the one in 2001, which respond well to a monetary policy stimulus.

Mr. Coxey failed, but his demands of stimulus spending and printing money became the standard response to recessions.

Company formation typically dips slightly in recessions, says Brian Headd, a Small Business Administration economist.

Historically, recessions have reduced family size, but their impact on the age at which women start families is less clear.

But research also suggests that recessions have lasting effects on how executives manage businesses.

A more balanced economy ultimately lessons the depth of future recessions.

On its definitions recessions are short, averaging 10 months in the postwar period, while expansions average nearly five years.

to see how they performed in the big recessions of 1990 and 2001, and in 2007. And how did the sports industry rank in the survey?

The chief reason is not the "bail-outs" of banks but the recessions.

But anxious U. S. consumers are rediscovering the virtues of thrift and many overseas markets are mired in their own recessions.

That recessions can reduce potential output is not controversial.

However, times are bad during all serious recessions, yet measured productivity usually falls.

No one wants recessions, asset deflation and rising unemployment.

They twice led to severe recessions in the developed world and equity bear markets.

It's true that the normal response to recessions is interest-rate cuts from the Fed, not government spending.

Recessions are usually followed by periods of recovery, this time that recovery has been weak.

Historically, productivity has been "procyclical" : it rose during booms and fell during recessions.

Since then, however, the global credit crisis and recessions in India's major external markets have taken a major toll.

Recessions can be good or bad for achieving environmental goals, and it remains uncertain how this one will play out.

Extended periods of "jobless recovery" after recessions have been the rule for the past two decades.

Traditionally companies double-down during recessions and focus on their core target markets.

Unemployment rises during recessions and falls during expansions.

Thus, recessions and their recoveries have a tendency to trace out a "V" shape.

Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted, however.

In most other respects, the anatomy of unemployment has been no different during this recession than other severe recessions.

Two very important contributors were the sharp recessions of 1980 and 1982, which reduced much of the upward pressure on prices.

Many of the great entrepreneurs of the past started their companies near business recessions and depressions.

ALL recessions are painful, but the hangovers that follow financial crises are particularly long and grim.

The Fed has brought previous recessions to an end by pushing interest rates low enough for long enough.

Today, Britain is suffering from one of the deepest recessions since World War II.

Deep recessions will, of course, cause a political reaction, and extremist parties may gain.

For instance, each of the past seven recessions was preceded by a 20% jump in the four-week moving average for jobless claims.

The nations whose consumption powered the boom, notably the US and the UK, are suffering balance-sheet recessions.

Veterans with experience of recessions or of restructuring companies are in hot demand.

As in past recessions profit expectations have fallen savagely along with demand and prices.

Defense giant General Dynamics (GD) is another company that's built to withstand recessions .

More recent recessions have produced a similar pattern of creative destruction.

It has only lagged significantly in the recoveries that followed the past two recessions.

These anchors are devised in prosperous times but run into difficulty during recessions.

This rise in unemployment matches that in the deepest of the OECD's post-war recessions.

That peak now looks increasingly likely to match the dismal record of previous recessions and exceed 3m people.

Certainly in past recessions our health was not our prime preoccupation.

Large and sudden increases are the ones that tend to create recessions.

But they were insufficient, even with monetary support, to prevent deep recessions.

But we've been through four cycles -- four recessions, including the Asian currency crisis.

Several reasons why trade should decline so fast in recessions suggest themselves.

Super luxury brands have weathered previous recessions, not this time.

Of course, the performance of capitalism must include this recession and other recessions along with the glory decades.

Recessions expose this fact and force business owners and managers to get their financial houses in order.

At 12 months and counting, the recession is longer than the 10-month average length of recessions since World War II.

In past recessions, labor-market contraction continued for months after a downturn's official end.

The variation between households was far greater than the difference between booms and recessions.

In fact, however, some countries and areas sank into long recessions or slow growth after suffering short-run shock.

That is a reason loan growth at the nation's commercial banks tends not to rebound until several months after recessions hit their trough.

Consider the other recessions included in U. S. data set used by the economists.

Recessions, on this line of argument, are good.

Financial crises and deep recessions can affect these variables in several ways.

Given DI's design, it should come as little surprise that enrolment jumps during recessions.

But should a central bank always try to avoid recessions?

But recessions may also spur the creation of new businesses.

One reason why recessions have become milder is higher government spending.

Historically, board games have always fared well in recessions, Byrne says.

I mean this went through thick and thin, through war and peace, through boom times and recessions.

How have clients similar to me fared during recessions?

President George W. Bush is the first president since Richard Nixon to preside over two recessions.

In addition, adjustments on the spending side rather than on the tax side are less likely to create recessions.

At their low point, prices for Canada's commodity exports were still 50% higher than in previous recessions.

This recession has been different from past recessions because we are living through some profound changes in the marketplace.

Back on Earth, people do get sacked in recessions, and the received wisdom is that this is because wages don't adjust.

Such declines historically flag the end of recessions.

To test the hypothesis that economic recessions lead to reduced global development assistance for health (DAH).

RECESSIONS normally curb inflation, and deep recessions even more so.

Total dividend income from the industry has fallen very rarely, even in recessions.

High interest rates caused most previous recessions, and low rates ended them.

Many companies cut graduate schemes in previous recessions and lived to regret it.

In several of the prior recessions, the unemployment ratecame down slowly after the recession was over.

Some enterprises tend to go bankrupt in recessions.

Children raised during recessions ultimately take fewer risks with their investments and their jobs.

"It's extremely hard to predict recessions, " Mr. Hamilton said.

The crisis caused recessions that cost some countries more than 10 per cent of their real output per person.

This swing will force huge declines in external deficits and very big recessions.

Once again, comparisons with previous post-war recessions look thin.

Recessions interrupt the economy's natural inclination to grow.