perianth

Morphology of the androecium, perianth (tepals), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes.

perianth lobes of female flowers usually connate into a tube, rarely strongly reduced, or absent, staminodes absent.

Fruit a drupaceous capsule, ellipsoid-ovoid, puberulent, 1-seeded, perianth persistent, style persistent and developing into a beak.

This species is variable in the shape, size, and indumentum of the leaves and in the length of the neck of the female perianth tube.

Lobed parts of blade narrowly triangular; flowers small, perianth purple-red; fruiting branches connivent.

Perianth with a more developed transverse wing; seed obscurely pitted.

Utricles ovoid, compressed, membranous, indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent (bursting), falling off with perianth.

Stigmas capitate. Achenes exceeding persistent perianth, brown, shiny, broadly ellipsoid, trigonous.

Lobed parts of blade narrowly lanceolate; perianth usually purple-red, tepals entire at margin.

perianth segments free nearly to base, spreading during anthesis and afterward spirally contorted, inner segments wider than outer.

Flowers solitary in axils of upper leaves, sessile, minute, bisexual or unisexual, Perianth reduced to an entire rim on top of ovary.

Berry fleshy, drying blackish, with persistent perianth and stamens at base, and long slender persistent style conspicuous at apex.

Achene drupaceous, straight, adnate to thinly fleshy perianth, enclosed as base or almost wholly by discoid or cup like fleshy receptacle.

upper bracteoles greenish white, flattened, orbicular to broadly elliptic, shorter than perianth.

Herbs without tuberous roots; leaf axils usually lacking woody bulbils; female perianth with the dorsal lobe largest.

Flowers dark violet or purplish blue; outer perianth segments with darker and sometimes also white lines radiating from beard.

Filaments subequal, slightly shorter than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments.

Filaments subulate, slightly shorter than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments.

Perianth segments usually oblique, 3-winged, abaxially with a longitudinal keel throughout length, apex cucullate.

Leaf blade margin entire or with obscure, lateral lobes; perianth segments narrowly obovate to linear; seed pitted.

Plants with sessile (rarely subsessile) glands; perianth segments not abaxially keeled or with a weak keel, erect in fruit (N Xinjiang).

Achene light brownish, broadly ovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm, conspicuously verrucose, invested by persistent perianth lobes.

Stem, branches, and petiole pubescent, rarely glabrescent; male perianth oblong, teeth acute at apex.

Perianth lobes linear, usually less than 1 cm wide, apex acuminate; perianth tube straight.

Capsule chestnut brown, shiny, trigonous ovoid, longer than perianth, apex mucronate.

Fruit usually a dry achene, sometimes a fleshy drupe, often enclosed by the persistent perianth.

Achene lustrous, easily detached from perianth; stigma usually deciduous.

Capsule dark brown to blackish brown, broadly ellipsoid to ovoid; inner perianth segments ovate to elliptic.

Bracts and bracteoles membranous, persistent or bracteoles falling off with perianth in fruit.

Wings entire; perianth (including wings) in fruit orbicular; achenes smooth, shiny.

stigma capitate. Utricles globose or ovoid, indehiscent, falling off with perianth.

Lobed parts of blade linear; perianth white, tepals slightly sinuolate at margin.

perianth lobes with apex corniculate or not. Fl. Apr.

perianth segments short, fleshy, blunt, ridged on back, hardly opening at anthesis, not wing-shaped in fruit.

Perianth segments each with a triangular, short, winglike process, processes together appearing star-shaped and not more than 2 mm in diam.

Achene yellowish green, broadly ellipsoid-ovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 1 mm, smooth, invested by persistent perianth lobes.

Effects of Perianth Explant Ages on Differentiation of Floral Organs in Hyacinthus orientalis L.

perianth cyclic, rarely spiral, in unisexual flowers remnants of opposite sex present or absent.

bractlets navicular, broadly ovate, nearly equaling perianth, margin membranous.

Wing of perianth segments horizontal or slightly reflexed, semiorbicular, dry membranous, margin entire or incised.

Styles recurved, extending beyond perianth after anthesis.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, dark brown, dull, nearly orbicular, biconvex or trigonous, ca. 3 mm.

Achene brownish, ovoid, slightly oblique, ca. 1 mm, slightly compressed, smooth, enclosed by persistent perianth.

Leaf blade reniform-cordate or cordate, usually shorter than wide; perianth yellow-white.

Achene straight, ovoid, compressed, invested by the persistent but not enlarged perianth.

Achene closely enclosed by slightly enlarged and somewhat fleshy perianth.

Flowers unisexual, female flowers with a 3-toothed, cupular perianth connate to ovary; male flowers with 1 stamen.

Inserted or situated above the perianth . Used of an ovary .

Leaf margin coarsely dentate or sharply serrate; female perianth lobes connate at base only.

Winglike appendage of perianth segments elongate, narrow, margin lacerate, apex long acuminate to caudate.

Fruit a utricle, dry or fleshy, often surrounded by persistent bracteoles and perianth.

Achene orange, ca. 1 mm, stipitate at base, enclosed by fleshy perianth and adnate to it.

Female flowers: perianth lobes fleshy, outer ones ovate, inner ones broadly ovate.

Female flowers: outer perianth lobes broadly ovate, inner ones elliptic.

Perianth tubular, mostly 5-lobed, membranous, cottony, without appendages, adnate to pericarp.

Utricles green, longer than perianth, globose, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm in diam. , very rugose, indehiscent.

Spikes cristate or feathery, much branched; perianth red, purple, or yellow.

Utricles exceeding perianth, compressed-ovoid, ca. 3 mm, indehiscent, slightly rugose to nearly smooth.

Capsule ellipsoid, leathery, not enclosed in or sitting on fleshy perianth parts, 1-locular, laterally split along one side.

Pedicels equaling or a few longer than perianth, rarely shorter, ebracteolate.

Stamen primordium differentiated after male flower perianth primordium appeared 5 days.

Stamens 4-5 mm, finally overtopping perianth, glabrous or with a few long hairs in lower part.

Leaf blade ovate-cordate or broadly ovate, usually longer than wide; perianth green.

Perianth azure to dark violet, segments 1--7 mm wide, not connivent proximally into a pseudotube.

Fruit an achenelike anthocarp enclosed by persistent perianth, ribbed or winged, often glandular.

Male flowers: perianth tube rigid, short, lobes 5, usually distinct beyond disk, valvate or slightly imbricate in buds.

Filaments subulate, slightly shorter than perianth segments, connate at base for ca. 1 mm and adnate to perianth segments.

Perianth segments glabrous, except apex ciliate.

Flowers floating or emersed, perianth spreading.

The first section elaboration perianth female pays attention reason.

Perianth tube greenish, distinctly angled, ca. 2 cm, sparsely pubescent, ribbed, apex 5-lobed, hairs short, curved away from pedicel.

stamens 6, inserted in throat of perianth tube, slightly shorter than perianth, filaments longer than anthers.

Plants sparsely branched; perianth densely pilose, margin of winglike appendage not entire.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, shiny, narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, ca. 2 mm, smooth.

stamens 6, inserted in perianth tube, filaments equaling perianth tube, anthers small, introrse.

Perianth pentagonal on top surface, margin narrowly winged.

Portion of perianth segment below wing enlarged, hardened, and woody in fruit.

fruiting perianth enclosing utricle, slightly red tinged, enlarged, appearing saccate, ca. 5 mm in diam.

Perianth segments narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2 mm, unequal with inner ones somewhat longer than outer, apex acute.

Achene enclosed by fleshy perianth, compressed.

Portion of perianth segment below wing not enlarged, hardened, or woody in fruit.

Stamens inserted in throat of perianth, scarcely exserted.

Female flowers: perianth tube ovoid, adnate to ovary, lobes similar to those of males.

stigmas capitate. Achenes slightly exceeding persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ellipsoid, trigonous, 4-5 mm, tapered at both ends.

Female flowers without evident perianth; bracts of female flowers 3-lobed, lateral lobes inflexed.

Perianth white with red stripes in bud, fading to white at anthesis, lobes abaxially with scattered, pink stripes.

Perianth purple-red; rachis of panicle densely pubescent.

Female inflorescences capitate on globose receptacle, but without involucre; perianth lobes of female flowers 3 or 4; staminodes absent.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black, opaque, ovoid, trigonous or biconvex, 1-2 mm, finely glandular or pitted.

perianth persistent. Seed at center or slightly toward base of samara.

Flowers anemophilous, without perianth or gland at base.

bractlets lanceolate, shorter than or equaling bracts, longer than perianth.

Perianth segments and stamens 4; perianth tube basal surface with 4 radial ribs; plants densely pubescent mixed with jointed, villous hairs.

Stamens shorter than perianth; bracts ca. as long as or shorter than perianth.

Perianth segments 5, white or reddish, distinct or connate at base, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit.

Perianth campanulate or trumpet-shaped.

Achene purplish, broadly ovoid, ca. 0. 8 mm, slightly compressed, oblique, verrucose, enclosed by persistent perianth.

Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes exceeding persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ovoid, sharply trigonous, ca. 3 mm.

Bisexual flowers: perianth tube mostly connate to ovary, lobes 3(or 4), triangular or ovate, with a tuft of hair adaxially.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, dull, subglobose, weakly trigonous, ca. 3 mm.

Male flowers: perianth tube whitish, lobes 5, triangular, distinct from discs.

Shrubs creeping; perianth (including wings) 5-7 mm in diam. in fruit, portion above wing tightly appressed to utricle, not forming a cone.

Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes light brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, equaling persistent perianth, ca. 3 mm.

Stamens numerous, inserted at base of perianth.

Leaf blade base cuneate; perianth of male flowers green.

Capsule orbicular, ca. 3 mm in diam. , base with disk and scars of perianth, winged, apex incised.

Perianth segments 6, connate at base, persistent, inner ones larger than outer.

Perianth segments reddish brown to dark brown.

perianth absent or sepals vestigial.

Perianth segments 6, ascending or spreading, free to slightly connate at base.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, ca. 3. 5 mm.

The outer series of perianth in the irises and related plants.

Leaf blade ovate, base cordate; stipules membranous, brownish, 7-10 mm, subpersistent; male flower reddish, perianth lobes not corniculate.

Perianth segments 5, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, papery, 1-veined, abaxially with a recurved, winglike appendage.

Perianth campanulate, ca. 4-lobed, glabrous or lobe margins ciliate.

Seed horizontal or oblique, ca. 2 mm in diam. ; perianth appearing star-shaped in fruit.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth lobes, filaments nearly as long as anthers, anthers dorsifixed, introrse.

carpopodium thick, ca. 1 cm, with spreading persistent perianth at apex.

Perianth top surface flattened in fruit, pentagonal, with 4 small teeth.

Male flowers: perianth lobes 4, connate to middle, strigose, apex acute.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments incurved, short.

Stamens inserted in throat of perianth tube.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, slightly shiny, broadly ovoid, trigonous, 3. 5-4 mm, densely granular particulate.

Old branches dark red or purple-brown; wings subleathery; perianth pink or red.

spines of bracts shorter than perianth.

Stamens usually 3, slightly exserted from perianth.

inner 2 perianth segments elliptic, wingless or small winged.

Achene brownish, obliquely ovoid, ca. 0. 8 mm, compressed, enclosed by persistent perianth.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, broadly ovoid, trigonous, ca. 2. 5 mm.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, ca. 1. 5 mm, smooth.

Female flowers: perianth small, cupular, 4 or 5-lobed or -toothed, adnate to base of ovary. staminodes absent.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth persistent, 5-parted, not accrescent.

Perianth segments (4 or)5, usually closed in fruit, ovate, abaxially slightly keeled, margin yellowish, membranous, apex obtuse.

Fruit a utricle, enclosed by perianth.

Male perianth tube funnelform, puberulous, apex 5-lobed, lobes short triangular.

Bracts persistent, ovate, ca. 2. 6 mm, bracteoles equaling bracts, falling off with perianth in fruit.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, broadly ovoid, trigonous or biconvex, 1. 5-2 mm, smooth.

Achenes slightly exceeding persistent perianth, brown, shiny, broadly ovoid, trigonous, 2. 5-3 mm, constricted at base, apex acute.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments nearly as long as anthers.

Ovary mostly connate to perianth.

Perianth lobes 3, spreading, ovate to subrounded.

stamens as many as perianth segments.

Berry purplish brown, ellipsoid, ca. 3 cm, fleshy, 6-ridged, with persistent perianth lobes.

Perianth segment apex obtuse, together embracing utricle and not forming a cone, perianth (including wings) 8-10 mm in diam.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth persistent, 5-parted, not accrescent in fruit.

perianth tube short, 2-lobed, adnate to ovary, persistent.

lobes 6, alternate to or opposite perianth segments, apex often 2-cleft into lobelets, sometimes emarginate, rarely entire.

Leaves not crowded at stem apex, petiole 4-15 mm; female peduncle less than 1 cm; female perianth lobes setulose at apex.

Perianth cylinder form, 4 tine crack tip, petaline shape.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments short.

Leaves alternate in upper stem, becoming smaller and denser; female perianth tube 2(or 3)-winged.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth lobes or in throat of tube, anthers dorsifixed, introrse.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, shiny, ellipsoid, biconvex, ca. 2. 5 mm.

Perianth white; segments with pale red midvein.

Perianth 5-merous, white, tubular, ca. 7 mm, lobes inflexed, margins membranous.

Leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, base obtuse or rounded; petiole 1. 5-13 cm; fruiting perianth rhomboid, often with cuneate base.

Achene reddish or orange, ca. 1-1. 5 mm, enclosed by fleshy perianth and adnate to it.

Trees to 40 m high, rarely less than 8 m, without spines; bracteoles and perianth without glands; mature syncarp (3-)5-15 or more cm.

Perianth campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed, pubescent, margin ciliate.

Perianth segment margin not ciliate, or only apex ciliate; anthers ca. 1 mm; perianth (including wings) 7-9 mm in diam. in fruit.

Perianth lobes 4-9, imbricate or rarely valvate, persistent or caducous.

Perianth segments 1-3 or absent, unequal, membranous, upper segment larger, lower 2 segments smaller or absent.

Styles 2; stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, narrowly ovoid, biconvex, ca. 2. 5 mm.

stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, 2. 5-3 mm.

Perianth red-dish or purplish, ovate-oblong, 3-4 mm, base pale, margin entire, apex blunt.

Perianth pinkish; tepals elliptic, unequal, 2-2. 5 mm, with conspicuous green veins. Stamens included.

Leaves usually 5-15 mm, attenuate into short petiole at base; perianth parted to base.

pedicel short; perianth lobe 1, boat-shaped, elliptic, ca. 2 mm, mucronate.

disk adnate to base of perianth.

Stamen filaments 4-5 mm, soon overtopping perianth, sparsely hairy in lower part, hairs spreading, long.

Stems erect; perianth white, tubular, ca. 7 mm.

Fruit subglobose; perianth broadly elliptic, reflexed in fruit; pedicel 2-4 mm, jointed at middle.

2 (1) Perianth segments without a winglike appendage in fruit.

perianth maroon, cupuliform, ca. 4 mm in diam.

Subshrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves 3-veined. Male perianth lobes 4(or 5), valvate; female perianth lobes 4, subequal, shorter than achene.

stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, anthers 3 introrse and 3 extrorse, connectives not fork-shaped.

Achenes included in persistent perianth, opaque, ovoid, trigonous, 2. 5-3 mm, glandular.

Capsule trigonous subglobose, subequaling inner perianth segments, ca. 1. 9 mm in diam. , apex obtuse and very shortly mucronate.

Perianth segments greenish, linear, 4. 5--6 mm, unequal with inner ones longer than outer, apex obtuse.

Flowers small, to 3. 5 mm from base of calyx tube to tip of longest perianth segment.

Capsule globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. , apex with persistent perianth ca. 1 cm.

Perianth white with purple streaks, funnelform, ca. 5. 5 cm.

actinomorphic, very small, (1-)4- or 5-merous, rarely perianth absent in female flowers.

Leaves usually crowded at stem apex; petiole 1-3 mm. Female peduncle 1-2 cm. Female perianth lobes glabrous at apex. Achene verrucose.

Perianth persistent, 4- or 5-parted, inflated in fruit.

Perianth segments lanceolate, 2. 5--3 mm, margin scarious, apex acute to mucronate.

Stem and branches hispid or subglabrous; perianth (including wings) 7-10 mm in diam. in fruit.

10 (9) Fruit enveloped in persistent perianth.

Perianth yellowish white, 6-10 mm, tube tubular, usually divided to middle, lobes oblong-linear, to 5. 5 mm, apex acute, incurved.

Perianth 5-6 mm, glandular dotted; achenes opaque.

Filaments proximally widened and adnate to perianth tube, free part incurved, 1. 5--2 mm.

Styles 3; stigmas capitate. Achenes included in persistent perianth, black, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, 2. 5-3 mm.

Perianth white, gradually changing to yellowish pink, tube ca. 1 cm; leaves ca. 1. 2 cm wide.

Perianth tubular, 4-6-lobed, margin ciliate.

Perianth segments bluish with green median vein and reddish blotch, ovate, 1--1. 6 cm.

Leaf blade linear-lanceolate, base cuneate; petiole 1-1. 5 cm; fruiting perianth subglobose with obtuse base.

9 (8) Perianth segment apex pungent, together connivent and forming a cone, perianth (including wings) 5-7 mm in diam.

Perianth 4- or 5-lobed, spongy in fruit, flat on top surface.

Filaments 2--2. 5 mm, connate to middle and adnate to perianth segments, entire.

Perianth white, funnelform, 10--13 cm.

Perianth subcampanulate, 6. 5--8 mm; fertile bracts shorter than flowers, margin entire.

Perianth tube villous, lobes 7--7. 5 cm, appendages papillose.

Perianth segment margin ciliate; anthers ca. 0. 5 mm; perianth (including wings) 5-7 mm in diam. in fruit.

Perianth 4- or 5-lobed, spongy and flattened apically in fruit, with top surface subrhomboid.

Utricles ovoid, 3-3. 5 mm, enveloped in persistent perianth.

Perianth segments (3 or)6, in (1 or)2 whorls, free, usually greenish to brownish or blackish, rarely white or yellowish, glumelike.

Female perianth tube ovoid, ca. 1 mm, somewhat swollen on one side of base.

Pedicel short. Perianth united, deeply (3 or)4(or 5)-lobed.

perianth yellow, conic, ca. 1. 8 mm, lobes 5, similar to male.

Perianth with only 1 segment abaxially winged in fruit; anthers ca. 0. 3 mm.

Female flowers: perianth tube ellipsoid or rhomboid, 0. 8-1. 2 mm, to 2 mm in fruit, pubescent, inconspicuously ribbed, 3- or 4-toothed.

Variation in Perianth Structure during the blooming of Michelia alba DC. And Its Aroma Emission Mechanism

Filaments equal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth segments, base triangular;

Perianth segments membranous, proximally slightly thickened;

inner ones attached at base of inner perianth segments and with short filaments;

Perianth segments oblong, portion above abaxial wing slightly incurved, surrounding utricle, apex obtuse;

Perianth slightly depressed, herbaceous, becoming slightly hardened and papery in fruit, glabrous;

Stamens inserted opposite perianth segments, outer ones slightly larger than inner and attached near middle of perianth tube;

Female flowers: perianth lobes free or connate, usually enlarged in fruit and persistent, occasionally absent;

filaments proximally adnate to perianth tube, free part filiform or flattened, short to long, smooth, papillose or hairy;

Filaments equal, equaling to slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments;

Flowers bisexual; pedicel articulate. Perianth usually white;

Filaments slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments;

filaments filiform, smooth or verrucose, proximally adnate to perianth for most of their length;

Utricle enclosed in perianth, hemispheric, apex truncate or somewhat convex;

Filaments shorter than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments;

perianth purplish red dotted, outer lobes elliptic-ovate, inner ones broadly obovate;

Outer 3 perianth segments suborbicular, proximally with a transverse wing abaxially;

Female flowers: perianth lobes 4, cymbiform, shorter than ovary, in fruit enlarged and longer than achene, long corniculate below apex;

Perianth usually red, orange, or yellow, rarely greenish or whitish, cylindric to 3-sided, sometimes slightly curved or with swollen base;

perianth lobes sometimes reddish brown spotted, ovate-triangular, abaxially sparsely hairy;

Perianth segments blackish brown to chestnut brown, lanceolate;

Achene not lustrous, enclosed by marcescent perianth, Seed with endosperm;

Capsule obconical, small, for most of its length enclosed in adnate calyx tube and persistent perianth segments, leathery, apex 2-8-valvate;

pedicel persistent, articulated below the perianth, apex with 2 pairs of decussate bracteoles adnate to the perianth;

perianth funnelform, lobes spreading;

Stamens included; filaments inserted near apex of perianth tube, very short, erect in bud;

perianth pale yellow, saucer-shaped to slightly reflexed, lobes suboblanceolate, apex obtuse or rounded;

Filaments equal, equaling or slightly longer than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm;

Female flowers: perianth tubular, enclosing base of pedicel;

Stamens twice as many as perianth, subequal in length, inclined to one side;

perianth lobes very unequal, ovate-oblong, slightly keeled;

Utricle broadly ovoid, apex protruding from perianth;

Perianth stellately spreading, recurved and twisted after anthesis, purple-red;

Staminate flowers without perianth;

Perianth pale yellow, pale yellowish green, or dark purplish green;

Perianth white, creamy, gold, pink, or bright red, funnelform;

Filaments subequal, longer than perianth segments, connate at base and adnate to perianth segments for ca. 1 mm;

Female spike solitary, to 20 cm. Female flowers: staminodes present, inserted on perianth lobes;

Perianth stellately spreading or rotate, recurved and twisted after anthesis, red to purple-red;