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By presenting itself as an international exchange, the combined entity might be able to persuade other bourses to join up.

And with characteristic lethargy, the bourses do not expect their new structure to be in place until 2013.

More than $20bn could also be raised by listings on the mainland's smaller Shenzhen exchange and on bourses in London, Singapore and the US.

With its network and backing, the company has competencies to take its portfolio to international bourses.

Asian stocks hit lows for this month as Beijing's moves to curb property speculation and the stronger yen continued to weigh on bourses.

There has been a flurry of IPOs but many businesses and industries are still state-owned, somewhat immune from fluctuations in bourses.

The German exchange is in competition with the other big European bourses to attract Chinese companies that seek to list abroad.

China Mobile, China Netcom and CNOOC are expected to be among the first batch to list in the mainland bourses, according to the report.

Long used to operating as monopolies, bourses in Asia and Latin America now face competition from alternative trading platforms.

But those technological advances threaten the long-term future of the bourses.

After the acquisition, Citigroup would delist the company from Indian bourses .

China's bourses are now more valuable than Japan's, where the Nikkei 225 index is at about a quarter of its 1989 peak.

Ultimately, the bourses hope to turn credit derivatives into exchange-traded products.

The boundaries between the two are becoming blurred, as bourses offer centrally cleared markets in foreign exchange and swaps.

Other Asian markets dropped sharply and bourses in Europe initially followed suit before recovering later.

The dealers have long argued that bespoke swaps do not belong on bourses.

The world's biggest bourses are battling for pole position in a hyper-competitive industry confronted with sweeping regulatory changes.

Stockmarkets tumbled around the world (though some Asian bourses were closed) and the oil price plummeted to well under $100 a barrel.

The world's bourses have been forced to consider their long-term strategies after the two transatlantic deals announced on Wednesday.

Although emerging economies are growing faster than the richer world, their bourses have largely struggled to outperform developed markets.

Shares on the Chinese bourses have jumped to almost 65 times historic earnings from the 50s a week ago (see chart).

Australia's stockmarket opened sharply lower on Monday (most other Asian bourses were closed).

Synching with China's bourses would help big investors who seek to maintain market-neutral positions.

That resulted in Nasdaq buying OMX, operator of bourses in Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland.

To profit from such disparities, enterprising investors have long combed the world's bourses looking for cheap stocks.

On some days, market volume exceeded activity on the New York and Tokyo bourses combined.

The bourses say their marriage is for "the revitalisation of the Japanese economy. "

Mainland bourses were turning over that much a day at the peak this year.

Illicit software automates many of these bourses, says Gordon Snow, assistant director of the cybercrime division in America's FBI.

Equity markets globally fell on the eurozone fears with bourses in Paris, Frankfurt and London all dropping about 2 per cent.

Past attempts to trade credit derivatives on bourses have flopped.

Or is an indiscriminate maniac stalking the world's bourses ?

However, the bourses failed to convince other markets such as the UK to introduce a similar ban.

Asian markets were up with the Nikkei 225 up nearly 0. 89% and European bourses are up across the board by about 1% currently.

In the 12 months to the end of July, only 10 bourses stayed in positive territory, all of them in emerging markets.

Shares at China's two bourses fell nearly 10 percent, although a few so-called WTO plays, such as Tianjin Port, still held retail interest.

Bourses can expect to reap benefits (see article).

The other is the firm grip such bourses have on their own products.

I'm sure eventually we will see the launch on domestic Chinese bourses of ETF-type products.

The FTSE MIB index of 40 leading stocks rose 1. 7%, outstripping other European bourses.

Last year mainland bourses raised $31bn in stock market listings, more than in any other country.

Dealmakers also report that foreign-invested enterprises are considering listing Chinese assets on both the mainland and Hong Kong bourses.

Shanghai's hours are as short as Hong Kong's but capital controls help insulate China's bourses from global competition.

The hope is that China's mainland bourses are dragged up to the level of Hong Kong; the fear, that all slither down.

However, "depository receipts has been so far so good for us, " Mr Schive says, while other bourses such as Hong Kong have struggled.

In 2007, China's domestic exchanges and Hong Kong raised a combined $101bn, with other regional bourses adding a further $25bn.

In April 2007, CITIC Bank made its debut in both Shanghai and Hong Kong bourses, raising 45 billion yuan.

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