policy-makers

It would be very dangerous if such a view influences policymakers.

Policymakers and financial markets seem to be looking at what comes next.

First, some of the "growth economies" are slowing because their policymakers are deliberately trying to slow growth from above trend.

How much is spent on TB? Who are the leading researchers and key policymakers?

Such a discussion of internal eurozone demand and imbalances is not one German policymakers wish to have.

Convincing the top economic policymakers of these two countries to sit around a table was an achievement in itself.

The difficulty knowing how much output is lost for good presents a horrible challenge to policymakers.

Leading up to the crisis, market participants and policymakers failed to understand the interconnections within the "shadow banking" system.

If policymakers can at least get the diagnosis right, it would be a major step on the road to recovery.

But, it should be noted, the erroneous estimate did not make it into the guide for policymakers. It appears only in the full report.

In both America and Australia the public seems to be growing more doubtful even as policymakers feel more certain of the need for action.

Instead of restructuring, policymakers have been trying to wash away the consequences of the bursting bubble with liquidity.

But a year ago America's top economic policymakers faced a momentous decision: whether or not to let Lehman Brothers fail (see article).

But for analysts and policymakers trying to gauge the chance of a catastrophic war, game theory offers a crucial insight.

THERE was a time not so long ago when European policymakers believed trade imbalances were only a problem for America and China.

International policymakers should be asking if these economic realities can be pulled together into a new and coherent strategy for change.

He is said to be one of the few non-German policymakers to have had influence over Angela Merkel, Germany's chancellor.

Add all this together and the ease with which American policymakers dismiss Japan's experience is probably misplaced.

Taking account of these facts, there is a strong unity of purpose among the world's policymakers to address our fiscal fragilities.

Through good judgment, as well as a little good luck, policymakers have so far avoided turning a credit crisis into a currency crisis.

But he cautioned "it is likely to be a weak recovery" and said policymakers needed to guard against economic and financial risks.

Fairtrade campaigners said the predictions of sharply rising prices provided a "stark warning" to international policymakers.

Post-Iraq, many policymakers seem to unable to distinguish prudent precaution from madcap plans to start unnecessary wars.

Now, more often than not, policymakers seem to be getting it wrong. Their mistakes vary, but two sorts stand out.

Analysts said the already nervous mood among eurozone investors had not been helped by comments from various European policymakers.

This carry trade, as it is called, has cheapened Japan's currency, much to the chagrin of American carmakers and European policymakers.

But a weaker dollar need not push up prices elsewhere, as long as policymakers outside America do not try to follow the dollar down.

There is no doubt that the choices facing policymakers are extremely difficult -- intervention is often a lose-lose situation.

A year ago, British policymakers were still arguing about whether or not to nationalise Northern Rock, the failed mortgage lender.

Today, policymakers are trying to excise toxic assets from banks that are still, at least officially, private and viable.

Western policymakers recoil at the thought of getting bogged down in another bloody counter-insurgency operation in Somalia.

Like the 13th chime of a clock, policymakers who deny the obvious or claim to know the unknowable call into question all that they say.

Instead, the consensus among the policymakers who mattered, in the U. S. and overseas, was that the panic had to be stopped at any cost.

Federal Reserve policymakers have decided for a second straight meeting to leave the federal funds rate at two percent.

Policymakers who slash rates at the first sign of danger will quickly run out of "ammunition" , he said.

A gentle contraction from here, as policymakers seem to be indicating, would take years to bring M2 down to its long-run average.

Rather than buying foreign exchange, policymakers can keep it out of the country, sequestering it abroad like a non-native species.

We're just trying to educate the public and policymakers that the group of beneficiaries is broader than they may have thought.

In other words, there was no single "natural" rate: policymakers could in principle try for the equilibrium they most favoured.

policymakers should not be obsessed with moral hazard and should forget trying to micromanage the innovative financial sector.

A few months ago a senior European central banker confessed that policymakers felt as if they were fighting a financial war.

So policymakers do not have a good sense of how much spare capacity will open up.

But some US policymakers privately complain that European backing is patchy and tends to go up and down with the euro.

These fictions discourage some would-be entrepreneurs from giving it a go, and even influence policymakers.

Policymakers blithely assumed they would avoid a dollar crisis and that America would export its way out of any trouble.

But policymakers have also to remember that prescriptive regulation is often counterproductive.

It would be wrong to conclude that, in trying to get ahead of the crisis, the euro zone's policymakers have already gone too far.

In practice, the extent to which policymakers choose to be transparent depends on both the economic environment and the objective of policy.

If that were to happen, policymakers would be caught in a painful squeeze and the world might indeed end up in 1970s-style stagflation.

Worried Beijing policymakers are trying to choke off the supply of funds fueling the property boom.

Now, policymakers must decide whether to act on the evidence or to avoid facing one of the most crucial issues of our generation.

The sooner that investors and policymakers wake up to this, the smoother the adjustment is likely to be.

Taken aback , policymakers now seem unsure how much protection to offer creditors of other basket-cases.

Few investors or policymakers seem to be seriously contemplating this scenario.

How much of a setback to growth do these twin crises represent? And how should economic policymakers react to them?

At the moment, policymakers have inadequate technological tools to deal with these questions. But it is not hard to imagine such tools.

Had policymakers focused on the income-based measure, their reaction might have been speedier and better informed.

Only a few weeks ago, the main worry among Chinese policymakers was the risk the economy might overheat.

The global financial crisis and its aftermath continued to preoccupy policymakers.

Scientists hope a new approach to assessing carbon build-up in the atmosphere will simplify issues for policymakers and economists.

Nevertheless, many policymakers seem to think that some curbs on competition may be a price worth paying to improve stability.

For months China's policymakers have been trying to slow the country's economy, which grew venomously in the year to the first quarter.

Even so, it is wrong to conclude that, in trying to get ahead of the crisis, the euro zone's policymakers have gone too far.

No doubt most economists believe that policymakers, financiers and entrepreneurs should listen better to their forecasts and ideas.

Repeated efforts by policymakers to take the heat out of housing have not had a noticeable effect.

No wonder policymakers everywhere are trying to encourage even more women to take up paid work to boost output.

They think there might have been less euphoria had financial markets and policymakers been less fixated on GDP.

Lower inflation, and a rise in real incomes, are one reason British policymakers hoped to see the economy improve this year.

Regulators and relevant policymakers could nominate two or three candidates as "observers" to boardroom meetings.

The big lesson of this crisis is that policymakers did not understand what they were doing during the era of deregulation.

Wikileaks has helped shine light on the true nature of these illegal wars and the policymakers that perpetuate them, for this I am thankful.

That's not to say that American policymakers have been hands off; cellphone users have been gaining more freedom.

Benefits of these initiatives are likely to be less readily apparent to policymakers and outside observers.

Such a trend would be grim news for the US, but its financial policymakers have only themselves to blame.

For US policymakers, Japan is the case study in what not to do when a credit bubble is followed by a real estate bust.

But it is also that policymakers too often simply do not know what is going to work.

He said that better communication of scientific information was needed to educate the public and policymakers.

China's policymakers, in short, outlined the right steps over the weekend to put their economy on a more even keel.

Child marriage has not been ignored by Indian or international policymakers, yet enforcement of these laws has been virtually impossible.

Many policymakers remain confident that this will eventually generate a sustained recovery.

But the debt crisis was a wake-up call to policymakers to put the house in order, and they have done a lot to deal with it.

The report "will be particularly useful for policymakers interested in benefiting from trade, " he said.

Hopes that the fracture of the euro zone might be averted by far-sighted policymakers could give way to a belief that it is inevitable.

The concept of sustainability is increasingly being addressed theoretically by scholars and practically by managers and policymakers.

Politicians and policymakers have bickered and schemed, but have mostly chosen to leave things as they are.

Friedberg analyzes why, in addition to its economic potential, China is such a difficult challenge for U. S. policymakers.

This, he said, is one reason why policymakers should never try to prick them.

Britain, Europe, and Japan may be facing similar slowdowns, but policymakers have been far more relaxed, Jukes says. "It's really the U. "

New figures show we are still hurtling towards dangerous climate change - at a time when policymakers are running out of ideas.

Although America's exchanges were closed that day, its policymakers' response was more than commensurate.

But so far, policymakers have been reluctant to let currencies rise too fast.

Now, more often than not, policymakers seem to be getting it wrong.

Without it, there may be nothing to force Japan's policymakers out of a deep paralysis.

It is the result of the determination of all policymakers to increase the resilience of all the constituent parts of the area.

With that objective all but achieved, the question for policymakers is whether Unified Protector should now be a model for future cases.

But even though the world economy is emerging from its first contraction since the Great Depression of the 1930s, policymakers cannot relax.

But Chinese policymakers have started making the point that a smaller trade surplus has pushed the renminbi close to fair market value.

Policymakers have come to understand this tipping point and try to act long before it is reached.

Some policymakers say productivity is still strong enough to contain inflation as wages rise.

Instead, it collected and synthesized previous scientific work into a relatively slim volume (200 pages) for the public and policymakers.

"And finally, policymakers have to update privacy policies for the 21st century, " he said.

Normalizing the flow of bank credit to good borrowers will continue to be a top priority for policymakers.

But its policymakers can at least console themselves that their hair-shirt approach is gaining some admirers in the currency markets.

The American economist Joseph Stiglitz has urged policymakers not to be slaves to year-on-year rises in gross domestic product.

In any case, Chinese policymakers are trying to cool the economy to prevent this kind of scenario from emerging.

Roach: I think [Fed policymakers] have done more than enough at this point.

Economic policymakers could have limited these dangers, but they did not do so.

Policymakers from deep-pocketed countries including China will no doubt be popular at this weekend's gathering.

It would therefore be unwise, to say the least, for policymakers to rely on monetary policy alone.

Ensuring that this fragile upturn is sustained will require some skill from policymakers.

The third lever that policymakers can pull is the now-popular idea of leaning against the wind when systemic risks are rising.

Some German policymakers, previously sceptical of EMU, fretted that any repeat of the crisis would be a threat to the single market.

Inflation seems set to follow oil and food costs down, but some policymakers fret that it may not fall quickly to a tolerable level.

At the moment, policymakers have inadequate technological tools to deal with these questions.

Close observers of Europe, and the policymakers charged with defending the euro, dismiss the possibility of a breakup out of hand.

For all that, Japan's disorientation is about more than the miscalculations of economic policymakers.

"One of the critical things that policymakers need to do, they need to be technology neutral, " Von Bargen said.

The number of scientists, engineers, and physicians born in poor countries and working in affluent ones is of great concern to policymakers.

European policymakers and publics are for the moment ambiguous towards this unprecedented situation.

Yet, many American policymakers continue to rail against China as if there has been little change.

"[But] the bottom line is inflation, not growth, remains the top macro risk facing Chinese policymakers. "

In fact, policymakers will shift their focus over the next few months about when and whether inflation concerns should be addressed.

Chinese policymakers have nightmares about what would happen if they were to abolish the hukou system and privatise land in the countryside.

Policymakers thought a bit more cash in the system, or some more fiscal spending, would finally return Japan to the good old days.

In Asia policymakers are trying to prick a bubble. In America they are still dealing with the consequences of the last one.

Some traders and policymakers said the supply and demand imbalance is real this time.

One small consolation for New Delhi's seemingly complacent policymakers: India will at least by then have overtaken the UK.

Policymakers should facilitate the depreciation of the euro instead of trying to prevent it.

I cannot help remarking that this is a convenient result for policymakers.

Will policymakers again be forced to carry out a one-off revaluation of the renminbi?

This leaves policymakers with little scope to deal with a sudden appreciation of their currencies against the dollar.

When policymakers fail to consider how behavior might change as a result, their policies can have effects that they did not intend.

Policymakers will be holding an annual meeting over the next fortnight when more concrete information is expected to emerge.

I expect at least the US policymakers to make gestures to assuage the market's concerns about the rampant fiscal and monetary expansion.

Chinese policymakers must be bemused, or at least confused.

For practical purposes, policymakers will always care more about their own national poverty lines than the bank's global standard.

"Cap and trade, " as it is called, is advocated by several policymakers, industry leaders, and activists who want to fight global warming.

Deloitte's best hope for getting out of its bind lies in a rapprochement between policymakers.

Two years ago, bankers and policymakers were arguing heatedly over whether New York or London was the world's premier financial centre.

Most policymakers now accept that stress tests of the continent's banks in July were nowhere near tough enough to restore confidence.

Had policymakers bothered to research contemporary Shiism, the United States could have avoided serious blunders during that crisis.

These and similar questions are always on the minds of policymakers in mayors' offices, governors' mansions, and the White House.

Policymakers need to design a set of measures that enable the poor to take advantage of greater trade opportunities.

The solution that financial policymakers hit upon was to have the IMF create a new international reserve currency: the SDR.

Greenspan has urged Washington lawmakers and policymakers to stand aside and let the economy heal on its own.

Government- sponsored re-capitalisation appears unavoidable and ought to be anticipated by policymakers.

But the alarming increase in the number of civilians among the Palestinian dead has jolted Israeli policymakers.

Policymakers should make strategy within the context. The integration of Guangzhou-Foshan could be a good opportunity.

Last time, the boom was said to be "different" because bankers and policymakers knew what they were doing.

But China's policymakers are in two minds, as they tend to be when it comes to freeing finance.

European policymakers would be hellbent to conserve the single market rather than immolate it in the bonfire of the euros.

But as events unfold, you can be sure that policymakers in the Fed and Treasury will be looking at them through a Keynesian lens.

But policymakers do not want to know whether something works in a few villages. They want to know whether it will work nationwide.

Rising inflation plus slowing demand add up to serious problems for policymakers everywhere.

Politicians and policymakers have bickered[2] and schemed, but have mostly chosen to leave things as they are.

The fact that non-food price gains have remained low, at less than 1 per cent, has not calmed the nerves of senior policymakers.

He expressed hopes that policymakers today would follow a similar path. "It would be very much on my wish list for Europe, " said Mr Ollila.

Some policymakers question whether it is right to be designing new safety systems when victims are still being lifted from the wreckage.

Yet they miss out on the list - as do other emerging market policymakers, except for two Chinese picks.

Watch the dollar. If it falls hard, there may be nothing policymakers can do to restore the ensuing financial chaos.

Policymakers pegged the value of China's currency to the dollar, which had the effect of keeping it artificially low.

Yet policymakers did not see it coming, or if they did, they failed to act in time.

Budgets are in surplus or close to balance, giving policymakers more room for a fiscal stimulus to support growth.

If policymakers read it, it will have been a useful exercise.

Financial markets, far from being efficient, as most economists and policymakers at the time believed, were grossly inefficient.

Despite the benefits to the U. S. economy, many policymakers remain nervous about foreigners controlling certain American assets.

It said heightened economic risks amid persistent overheating pressures confront Asian policymakers with "a delicate balancing act. "

That would be good news for these moneylenders, but is surely not the outcome that policymakers want.

Just as bad, our economists and senior policymakers had barely any idea why this was happening.

The only rationale for punishing buyers of CDS protection is the blame policymakers unjustifiably try to pin on them for the crisis.

These require policymakers to be brave enough to make some tough choices.

Policymakers in Brussels will hardly focus on another trade round when a euro member is about to go bust.

Fine and sophisticated, his theory has proved to be a valuable reference for both scholars and policymakers in foreign affair.

Chinese policymakers will further implement tight monetary policy and allow the yuan to appreciate more quickly to help fight inflation.

It is up to policymakers to ameliorate the markets' natural clumsiness during such periods of collective confusion.

Policymakers also fear that this flood of capital could lead to asset-price bubbles and overvalued currencies.

All this explains why some policymakers in Beijing can see no satisfactory outcome to the nuclear crisis.

Western policymakers should sit up and take notice of these reforms -- and, most importantly, respond.

The skill with which policymakers handle a declining dollar is another cause for concern.

Pachauri is part of a group of environmentalists, scientists and policymakers convened by Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh.

The test results come amid a wave of criticism that policymakers have not been as tough on Wall Street as they should have been.

and the crisis had much to do with mistakes its policymakers and private institutions made, even if aided and abetted by mistakes elsewhere.

He is "not entirely convinced that [Chinese] policymakers will allow the currency to be as liquid and tradable as the dollar. "

Opening a "Syrian track" is widely considered, by the new policymakers in Washington, to be a good idea.

There can be no doubting the scale of the mistakes of US policymakers over the last decade.

This will be very hard, because policymakers are not rewarded, and probably never will be, for allowing small crises or small recessions.

But all this assumes that policymakers want to be bold. The current crop is anything but.

The sooner politicians and policymakers start thinking through the implications of this, the better.

As a political heavyweight, Mr Strauss-Kahn was perfectly suited to negotiating with European policymakers over the Greek debt crisis.

It would also make banks even less attractive to invest in at a time when policymakers want them to beef up capital.

"Chinese policymakers have about as much chance of halting the property and asset bust as the Fed had of stopping the subprime crisis. "

Policymakers must sell their ideas either within the government or to the electorate and then develop a plan for their implementation.

It has other tools at its disposal as well, perhaps more than policymakers realize.

Over the last several years, Chinese officials have learned the value of lobbying both U. S. lawmakers and executive branch policymakers.

Various economists have designed tools to help policymakers judge how friendly their countries are to enterprise.

Complicating life for emerging market policymakers is the flow of cheap funds generated by the developed world's easy money policies.

Crisis? What crisis? Indian policymakers are not asking such a complacent question.

The policymakers of Beijing have leaned hard on their system to turbocharge the economy during a global slowdown, and it has worked so far.

Only days ago, policymakers were executing their responsibility for the economy by fighting one another.

Some are beginning to wonder if China's wary policymakers are too cautious.

Contrary to what Prof Easterly argues, the report makes useful contributions to policymakers' understanding.

Well, generally, policymakers, as you said, in the region, are concerned about the potential for rising prices.

The fact that experts in the hard sciences disagree about climate change spells trouble for the politicians and policymakers at Copenhagen.

As far back as the 1960s, U. S. policymakers puzzled over the low levels of defense spending among the European members of NATO.

Policymakers from the Group of 20 nations and their market-based critics are missing the point about "exit strategies" .

In this environment, policymakers and regulators must be vigilant for excessively leveraged or concentrated investor positions.

Helping farm labourers access new technologies and knowledge should be a priority for policymakers, argues innovation expert Anil Gupta.

Fed policymakers haven't settled on "leading options" but they are being explored, he said.

In the US, the slow pace of recovery of the securitised debt markets is still causing headaches for policymakers (see below).

That would be a shock almost as bad as the crisis itself, which is why in the real world policymakers will have to prioritise.

All this leaves policymakers with an unenviable task: deciding when and how to withdraw the drugs.

US policymakers concluded a while ago that bold moves on currency policy, or anything much else, were unlikely while that process lasted.

Policymakers, loath to preside over a Greek-style fiasco, have interpreted this thesis as a clarion call for fiscal tightening.

First, the Japanese policymakers who told everyone the US was in danger of falling into a prolonged period of economic weakness were right.

Policymakers are far from agreeing the leverage they would be happy with, and on what measure.

German executives and policymakers also found inventive ways to ensure that factories kept their edge during the Great Recession.

Policymakers and investors have been obsessed in recent years about the potential for a hedge fund collapse to spread financial panic.

Policymakers in Europe have had equal problems in foreseeing events .

It is one to which policymakers have started changing their answers.

Most policymakers, including those in the eurozone and the US, do not believe broad public intervention is yet necessary.

The harder institutional change is to induce policymakers to give up the "deep Keynesian project" .

Second, rather than deal with these structural problems, policymakers have preferred to kick the can down the road.

Further, investors have started to recognise that there will not be any easy way for policymakers to counter the squeeze.

With so much disagreement it is no surprise that policymakers are unsure and vacillate.

Fixing wages at a level that is out of sync with demand and supply of labour would appear to be a task for policymakers .

Policymakers and investors should already be planning for that uncomfortable fact.

Either way, China's economic policymakers don't seem to believe it.

The responsibility to determine the appropriate responses and mechanisms to safeguard public health rests with public health policymakers.

There is a strong case now for reassessing how science is presented to the public and policymakers to counter the opposition.

For years, policymakers have tied economic success to the rich ( "trickle-down economics" ) and to the poor ( "inclusive growth" ).

Now policymakers are easing off the brakes and hitting the gas again in an effort to stimulate growth.

Sometimes policymakers get conflicting advice because some charlatan is offering an unrealistically easy solution to a hard problem.

Airlines would push governments very hard to relax restrictions, putting policymakers in an awkward position.

Whether disaster strikes depends on what exactly is driving the dollar down and on how policymakers react.

Far from declining as the policymakers have predicted, inflation has proved hard to beat.

European policymakers are meeting again this week, and there are signs they are getting their heads around the size of the crisis.

While the global market is scared by new evidence of China's slowing economy, its policymakers seem to take further actions.

While most of the world is still focused on stimulating growth, Asian policymakers are increasingly fretting about new bubbles.

Beyond the PBOC, Chinese policymakers do not see the yuan as a tool to manage inflation.

ECONOMIC policymakers across the rich world face two delicate balancing acts over the new few years.

Yet it would be unwise for policymakers to hope that stronger demand will mop up all the jobless.

China's economic policymakers can only hope that the creative aspects of the coming shakeout outweigh the destruction.

Liquidity may not be the problem that policymakers feared in the 1960s, but a dollar-dominated system has other perceived disadvantages.

The big event has been elsewhere: the great mistake, Asian policymakers concluded, was not pegged, but overvalued, exchange rates.

But, as I discovered at a conference of policymakers convened by Italy's Aspen Institute, the mixture of pride and ambition is unmistakable.

One solution is to establish fora for dialogue between scientists, practitioners, policymakers and decision-makers at the grassroots.

Two seemingly opposite dispositions among policymakers have done much to bring about the recession.

And Fed policymakers, who will meet Tuesday, are highly unlikely to be raising their rate anytime soon given the struggling economy.

Ben Bernanke, now the Fed chairman, recommended this course of action to Japan's policymakers in 2003 (when he was a Fed governor).

German policymakers persist in viewing the world through the lens of a relatively small, open and highly competitive economy.