neuronal

At this point, ~85% of these upper motor neuronal axons decussate. These fibers then descend as the lateral corticospinal tract.

As such, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of opiate-induced neuronal damage have been a focus of extensive research interest.

The animals that had not run before moving in with the mean mice showed much less neuronal activity in these portions of the brain.

Though the neuronal circuits rarely change, the receptors are constantly being recycled and presented again on the surface.

Glial communication is controlled by calcium influxes , just as neuronal communication is.

As such, neuronal injury may explain the histopathologic changes that have been observed following chronic rotator cuff tears.

We discuss neuronal-network and regional forebrain activity during sleep, and its consequences for consciousness and cognition.

Far from being mere structural elements, microtubules are emerging as key determinants of neuronal polarity.

The article reviews apoptosis factors released by mitochondria and its acting mechanism in the channel of ischemic neuronal apoptosis.

Most scientists have viewed electrical fields within the brain as the simple byproducts of neuronal activity.

As a response to neurotransmitters, nicotine or cocaine, calcium increases at the site of neuronal connection, the synapse.

In this context it is no surprise that a decade of brain imaging has shown the same neuronal circuits to be involved in many disorders.

Many neuronal proteins are structurally diversified through the differential inclusion and exclusion of sequences in the final spliced mRNA.

Conclusion: Cardiac myocytes may have inductive effects on nodose ganglia neuronal migration and SP expression in neuromuscular co-cultures.

The invention relates to a chimeric promoter construct useful for neuronal cell specific gene expression.

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that stabilizes neuronal microtubules under normal physiological conditions.

When a muscle is contracted a nerve impulse is relayed to the brain, triggering other neuronal circuits and nervous centers.

Neural development and the organization of complex neuronal circuits involve a number of processes that require cell-cell interaction.

Objective To discuss the method and effect of postoperative rehabilitation therapy for patients with neuronal intestinal malformations.

Using stimulus responding signal of neuronal network for correlation analysis can reveal the relation of the neurons in the network.

Second, the music will sound, the brain itself is a physical therapy, can be useful neuronal compensation.

An optically controlled microfluidic chip is provided for administering a fluid to a neuronal site.

This evidence illustrated that the motor system is organized in neuronal chains, each of which encodes the specific intention of the act.

Clinical Relevance Chronic rotator cuff injuries are associated with neuronal injury of the affected muscle.

Objective To probe into the relation of PKC activated the change of intracellular free calcium content with neuronal apoptosis .

Just as brain needs sleep to rebuild those important neuronal connections, your brain also needs energy in order to work.

Furthermore, all the whirling electrons cannot explain why a certain neuronal configuration results in our seeing blue rather than red.

In pathological conditions, zinc effect also contributes to the excitotoxicity-induced neuronal death.

The precise anatomic location of neuronal injury and the etiology of the clinical manifestation were poorly understood.

CONCLUSION: The expression system constructed is fully sufficient to express the active human neuronal nitric oxide synthase.

Thalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions facilitate central amygdala neuronal responses to acute psychological stress.

Electrical synaptic transmission through gap junctions underlies direct and rapid neuronal communication in the CNS.

METHODS: Brain hippocampal tissues were collected from neuronal rats. Neural stem cells were harvested by serum-free culture method.

She then measured how those neuronal responses varied during different behaviors exhibited by rats going about their daily routines.

The autophagy pathway is the chief route for bulk degradation of damaged cell membranes, neuronal processes, and organelles after TBI.

To investigate whether the phospho- C - JUN was involved in the neuronal apoptosis induced by glutamate.

Sleep also may give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity.

Processing the signal collected by MEA is a prerequisite to reveal the character and the mechanism of the neuronal networks.

The neuronal mechanisms that serve to distinguish between light emitting and light reflecting objects are largely unknown.

second, the discovery of the neuronal basis for established stable behaviours, for habit building.

Even in users who quit several months ago, neuronal alterations may persist, leaving them vulnerable to sudden, strong urges to use.

Recently, photoreceptors have become an equally attractive model for studying many facets of neuronal cell biology.

However, the neuronal and circuitry mechanisms in generating such post-CS rhythmic activities are much less understood.

Many neuronal transmitters, via their receptors, inhibit M currents thus modulate the excitability of neurons.

Synapses are inter-neuronal connections that are fundamental working units in neural networks.

Activated astrocytes, in turn, signal back to neurons and potentiate hypersynchronized neuronal activity.

Compared with those in the model group, the numbers of neuronal apoptosis and JUN protein positive cells were less in the astragalus group.

Conclusion: Astragus could decrease neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by inhibiting the expression of JUN protein.

This physiological rig amplifies neuronal spikes from biological specimens.

These results demonstrate that the morphologically differentiated neuronal PC12 cells still retain the ability to divide.

For the past year, I have been working with a subset of neuronal glutamate receptors via voltage clamping on Xenopus oocytes.

Neuronal nets had led to Sid's self-creation of a new symbol set we couldn't understand.

Neuronal plasticity or synaptic plasticity is maximal during brain development and still exists in adult brain.

But understanding the mechanics of how neuronal networks collaborate to allow such tasks has remained more elusive.

They taught these rats to circle a track to find food, recording neuronal firing patterns from the rodents' brains all the while.

At two weeks after injury, subscapular nerves in the complete tenotomy group showed gross evidence of neuronal injury.

The arrayed topographic substrates provide an efficient tool for engineering the microenvironments for sensor neuronal cells.

It secretes guidance molecules that direct ventrally navigating axons crucial for the correct wiring of neuronal circuits.

Objective To explore neuronal damage in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning( DEACMP).

In other words, discrete astrocyte circuits in the brain coordinate activity with neuronal circuits.

Uninhibited neuronal excitation would lead to a constant state of seizure something like what is seen, episodically, in epilepsy.

In brain ischemia, gating of postsynaptic glutamate receptors is thought to initiate Ca2 overload leading to excitotoxic neuronal death.

Yet the dynamic revision of neuronal properties does not represent an impediment for practical BMIs.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) possess high potencies of self-renewal and neuronal differentiation.

Long-term or even permanent neuronal injury can follow administration of general anesthetics.

These neuronal alterations typically accompany a rise in protein synthesis and activity.

Thus, angiotensin II was directly involved in salt-induced neuronal NADPH oxidase activation, ROS, apoptosis, and inflammation in SHRSP.

We are using electrophysiological as well as optical methods to monitor neuronal activity and intracellular Ca2 dynamics.

Conclusion: The Danhong injection can inhibit the expression of AIF, reduce neuronal apoptosis and has cerebral protective effect.

Objective To investigate the changes of protein expression during neuronal aging.

Conclusion: EI could prevent neuronal ischemic injury by inhibiting activation of PKC.

Conclusion: The fusing of bone marrow stromal cells and neuronal cells results in the change of cell phenotypes.

The neuronal nitric oxide synthase was mainly distributed at caudate putamen and the marginal division.

Tonabersat is a neuronal gap-junction blocker that inhibitsCSD and was once considered a promising new compound to preventmigraine attacks.

Some genes regulated by neuronal firing encode the ion channels and other substances that heighten the cells' sensitivity.

Granular and compact FUS deposits were identified in glia and neuronal cytoplasm and nuclei.

Electron microscopic observation indicated that NK3 receptor-LI was localized in the neuronal cell bodies and dendrites .

In this context, the central neuronal signals generated by insulin have been the most extensively studied (3).

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hippocampal CA-1region neuronal damage after ionizing radiation in rats.

The LIM homeobox gene play crucial roles in determining diverse aspects of neuronal development both in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Objective To explore the effect of L-carnosine on neuronal cell apoptosis in young rats with experimental febrile seizures(FS).

Stressor load is modeled by fast neuronal imputation arriving on sinoatrial node.

raised levels are associated with cytotoxicity and neuronal death.

Fundamentally , my explanation is that qualitative, not quantitative, differences in neuronal activity give rise to consciousness.

'It is not yet clear whether this presumed neuronal injury is permanent, but it may contribute to weight gain. '

Conclusion: There is protective effect of TPM to neuronal injury induced glutamate cytotoxicity and epileptic seizure.

When produced in excess, amyloid beta causes neuronal death and forms plaques in the brain.

The team shows that iron is stored within dopamine vesicles inside the neuronal cells.

Objective To confirm a neurotoxic role for neuronal NO during ischemia and anoxia.

These results indicate that VPA induces a specific differentiation of C6 cells toward a neuronal-like phenotype.

A new hypothesis of neural coding, the hypothesis of hierarchically associated coding based on the neuronal clusters, is proposed.

Every time we recall a memory we also remake it, subtly tweaking the neuronal details.

Objective To observe the effect of neuronal apoptosis after seizures of rats induced by kindling.

DNET is an uncommon benign intracortical lesion that is classified by WHO as a "neuronal and mixed neurological tumor" .

The neuronal protein syntaxin is essential. Without it, you die.

Linking two neurons in a neuronal pathway.

Objective: To offer a new method in detecting neuronal apoptosis.

Cyclic nucleotide- gated ion channels (CNGs) are distributed most widely in the neuronal cell.

Gliosis in the molecular or neuronal layers was only slight to moderate.

"Children are permanently impaired as there is deficit of neuronal stem cell population, " he adds.

Objective To observe the effect of Methyphenidate on neuronal plasticity after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

An average coupling-pair number density, which is used as a distributed coding pattern of population of neuronal oscillators, is proposed.

Both viral vectors reversed rubrospinal neuronal atrophy and promoted the expression of GAP-43 and T[alpha]1 tubulin.

The neuronal avalanches that Beggs investigated, for example, are perfect for transmitting information across the brain.

Apolipoproteins E3 and E4 exert differential effects on neuronal growth in vitro.

Mitochondra play a key role in the process of cerebral ischemic neuronal apoptosis.

A neuronal classification system is essential to organize such data and the knowledge that is derived from them.

Neuronal Migration 2: Long Distance Travel Tan, S.

You can see how different neuronal circuits relate to each other in the same animal.

Pure neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors of the central nervous system are uncommon and make up approximately 1% of all brain tumors.

There is a series of remodeling of retinal neuronal and glial cells in the process of retinopathy.

Miyashita, Y. "Neuronal Correlate Of Visual Associative Long-Term Memory In The Primate Temporal Cortex. " Nature 335 (1998): 817-20.

abstract: Objective: To study the effect of ketamine on cerebral cortical neuronal apoptosis of seven day old SD rats and its mechanism.

The neuronal activities in ipsilateral vestibular nuclei by electric stimulation during the early stage of the vestibular compensation

An elementary study of specific neuronal antibody in patients with small cell lung cancer and its early diagnosis value

Experimental study of transcription-repair coupling factor expression and neuronal oxidative damage after cerebral ischemia in rats

Study on Acetylcholine Potentiating Glutamate Neuronal Excitotoxicity and Its Mechanism of Receptors during Cerebral Ischemia

Morphological study of neuronal apoptosis in neonatal rat models with both hypoxic ischemia associated with hyper and hypoglycemia

Neuronal apoptosis associated with basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor following cerebral ischemia reperfusion

Postoperative rehabilitation therapy for patients with Neuronal intestinal malformations and evaluation of the curative effect

Clinical Significance of Anti-neuronal Antibodies in the Early Diagnosis of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

The detection of anti-neuronal antibodies and its diagnostic value to central nervous system involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus

Immunoreactivity of acetylcholine receptor antibody from myasthenia gravis with monkey neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Cultured neuronal networks structure and its spontaneous synchronized firing patterns

Stochastic Nonlinear Evolutional Model of the Large-Scaled Neuronal Population and Dynamic Neural Coding Subject to Stimulation

Rapid ischemic preconditioning protects rabbits against ischemic neuronal damage following global cerebral ischemia

Role of dopamine- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein in neuronal signal transmission and integration

Autonomic neuronal modulation of inflammation and its clinical significance

Protective Effect of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on the Hippocampal Neuronal Damage Induced by Stress and Its Mechanisms in Rats

Dynamical progression of the temporal profile of neuronal apoptosis and necrosis in rats following focal cerebral infarction

Effect of Electroacupuncture on Neuronal Death Induced by Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion and Its Mechanisms

Quantitative study of NO effect on the neuronal apoptosis after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion

Study on neuronal damage in hippocampus of epileptic rats induced by pilocarpine and its mechanism of oxidative stress

Preparation of Neuronal Growth Inhibitory Factor Monoclonal Antibody and Studies of Its Epitope

The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in caudal medulla of two-kidney one clip Goldblatt hypertension rat

A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Cholecystokinin-octapeptide on Hypoxic Damage of Neuronal Cells

Effects of intrathecal bupivacaine in conjunction with hypothermia on neuronal protection against transient spinal cord ischemia in rats

Experimental study on selective neuronal vulnerability following repeated brief cerebral ischemia

Contrasted study of neuronal apoptosis in rat model with acute and chronic cerebral ischemia

Expression of Activin Receptor-interacting Protein in Hippocampal Neuronal Cells and Function of Expressed Product

The Application of Locally Excitatory Globally Inhibitory Neuronal Oscillator Network on Medical Image Segmentation

Influence of cerebrovascular endothelial cell lesion on the neuronal apoptosis during cerebral ischemia -reperfusion of rats

Effect of Electrical Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus on the Neuronal Activities of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Rats

Effect of preconditioning electrostimulation of fastigial nucleus on neuronal mitochondrion of rat early after cerebral ischemia

Allicin inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion

Clinical Significance of the Pathologic Features in Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia

Protective effects of breviscapine against cultured rat hippocampal neuronal toxicity induced by glutamate

Protective effects of imipramine on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cerebral cortical neuronal cultures

Role of electroacupuncture preconditioning against neuronal apoptosis in rats with focal cerebral ischemia

Protective effects of amitriptyline on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cerebral neuronal cultures

Effects of corticoid and neuronal cell adhesion molecule on the individual differences of the stress-related memory

Nonlinear Stochastic Evolution Model of Variable Coupled Neuronal Oscillator Population in the Presence of External Stimuli

The relationship between postoperative complication and pathological features of 324 patients with neuronal intestinal malformations

The time course of neuronal apoptosis induced by intracerebral hemorrhage and the inhibitory effect of sodium magnesium fructose diphosphate

Therapeutic Observation of Diabetic Neuronal Bladder Treated by Wuling San Combined with Acupuncture and Moxibustion

Relationship Between the Expression of c-fos Gene and Delayed Neuronal Death in the Neonatal Hippocampus Following Hypoxia-ischamia Insult

The effects of intraventricular administration of insulin on neuronal apoptosis in neonate rat after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

Effects of nourishing blood and cleaning brain granule on neuronal apoptosis and synaptic structure in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia

Expression and significance of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Research progress in mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into neuronal cells and transplantation

Alterations of the cerebral neurons containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat models of Alzheimer's disease

Association between dystrophin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in muscles of progressive muscular dystrophy

Abnormal Distribution of Developmental Pattern Intestinal Neuronal

Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A Inducing Dopaminergic Neuronal Cell to Apoptosis Happening in Midbrain of Male Rat Offspring

The dynamics changes of serum neuronal- specific enolase in children with congenital heart disease before and after cardiac operation

A research on content of the serum neuronal specific enolase of patients with cerebral infarction at different period

Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Erector Spinal Muscles in Idiopathic Scoliosis

Changes of neuronal apoptosis and expression of nerve growth factor in hippocampus after deep hypothermia circulatory arrest

Mechanisms of morphine-evoked changes of intracellular calcium in primary cultured hippocampal neuronal cells

Phospho C-JUN is not involved in the neuronal apoptosis induced by glutamate on cultured cerebellar granule neurons

Neuroprotective Effects of Phytoestrogen and Estrogen against Neuronal Injury in Focal Cerebral Ischemia of Female Rats

The experimental study of the neuronal damage caused by traumatic brain injuries coupled with secondary hypotensional insult

Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of propofol on neuronal damage induced by ketamine in rat posterior cingulate cortex

Protective Effects and Mechanism of Cyproheptadine on Neuronal Injury Induced by Glutamate in Rat Primary Cortical Cultures

Effects of urokinase on neuronal injury and microthrombosis after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats

Effects of Reperfusion on Neuronal Changes and Macrophagic Response after Transient Focal Ischemia-Reperfusion of Brain in Rats

Protective effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on ischemia-induced hippocampal delayed neuronal death

Inhibitory effect of heat shock protein on neuronal apoptosis after spinal ischemia-reperfusion injury: Thoroughly or partially

Consciousness: A Mathematical Treatment Of The Global Neuronal Workspace Model

The Biological Characters of the Lymphocytic Non-neuronal Acetylcholine System

The spatiotemporal relationship of neuronal cell DNA damage and apoptosis after reversible focal cerebral ischemia in rats

A c-fos labeling study on the neuronal pathway connection between the cervical spinal cord and the lumbar spinal cord

Effects of baicalin on neuronal apoptosis and related gene expression after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Study on the association between astrocytes activation and neuronal damage following brain ischemia in the hippocampus

Relationship between Nitric Oxide Synthase and Neuronal Damage at the Subacute Stage of Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Intervention effect of local application of recombinant hirudin on neuronal apoptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage of rats

Effect of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sanqi on Neuronal Plasticity after Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Transplanted Schwann Cells Promote the Neuronal Survival of Cerebral Cortex and Red Nucleus After Rat Spinal Cord Transection

Regulatory effects of corticotropin release hormone on hypothalamic neuronal calcium signals and CREB

Difference of the expression of genes in neuronal somas between injured central and peripheral nerves

The induction of neuronal differentiation in the glial fibrillary acid protein positive human neural progenitor cell line

Relationship between programmed cell death mechanisms and neuronal necrosis induced by seizures

Influence of insulin on neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia reperfusion in the Wistar rats and regulation of related genes

Transfection of nerve growth factor gene in neuroblastoma cell line induces neuronal differentiation of tumor cells

Protective effect of Chinese Medical Formula Decoction on anoxic damage in cultured hippocampal neuronal cells from newborn rats

Clinical characteristics and diagnosis of neuronal migration disorders

Expression and localization of protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mice with muscular dystrophy

Intestinal neuronal dysplasia among patients with clinical diagnosis as Hirschsprung's disease

Experimental studies of delayed neuronal death following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice

Effects of Topiramate on Extracellular Amino Acid and Neuronal Apoptosis of Hippocampus in Epileptic Rats with Seizure

Changes in mRNA expression of carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase following sciatic nerve injury in rat

Characteristics of neuronal apoptosis following sciatic nerve firearm injury

Effects of baicalin on hippocampus neuronal apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rats

Progress and investigation of neuronal plasticity interfered by Borna disease virus infection

Hepatic growth factor promotes neuronal differentiation of the neural stem cells

Neuroprotection by potassium channel blocker TEA on neuronal damage in rat hippocampus after global ischemia

The neuroprotective effects of ketamine on neuronal injury following global ischemia and reperfusion in rats

Impacts of Denervation on the Morphology and Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase of Prostate of Adolescent Rats

Expression pattern of protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene in SD rats during centrifuge training

Detection of specific neuronal anti-Hu antibody in patients of SCLC and its clinical value

Neuronal Pathway from the Liver Modulates Energy Expenditure and Systemic Insulin Sensitivity

Experimental study on apoptosis of neuronal cell after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats

Optical Recording of Population Neuronal Activity in Cochlear Nucleus and Vestibular Nucleus

Effect of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression alteration on the protein oxidative damage in the retina of rats with early diabetes

Study of Amyloid Beta Protein on Neuronal Membrane Fluidity

Studies on relativity between delayed neuronal death after global ischemia and reperfusion and cell factors by bFGF

Influence of triptolide on neuronal apoptosis in rat with cerebral injury after focal ischemia reperfusion

Molecular mechanisms of exocytosis of the neurotransmitter vesicles in neuronal presynapse

Effect of flunarizine on spatial discrimination learning in gerbils with delayed neuronal death in hippocampus

Correlation between the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase after spinal cord injury caused by gunshot and the velocity of bullet

Protective effects of huang lian jie du tang active fraction on ischemia injury in cerebral cortical neuronal cultures

Relationship between CIDE-B change and neuronal apoptosis under various injuring conditions

Experimental Research on Effect of Magnesium Sulfate on Neuronal Apoptosis and Amino Acid after Global Ischemia in Rabbits

Effect of electroacupuncture on ischemic neuronal apoptosis in striate body and adjustment of gene expression

To explore the suitable methods to isolate cortical neurons for single neuronal recording or neuronal culture

Effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor on delayed neuronal death of hippocampus in rats after MCA occlusion

Effect of Electroacupuncture on NE and Neuronal Apoptosis in the Cerebral Cortex in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion

Neuronal Stem Cell and Its Prospect of Application in Diseases of Nervous System

Dynamic observation on neuronal damage in thalamus induced by repetitive cerebral ischemia

Responses of Cultured Neuronal Network to Electric Pulses Stimuli with Different Intervals

Morphological Observation of Glial and Neuronal Reorganization in the Ischemic Penumbra of Rat Brains

Aging Patterns of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Hippocampus of Senescence Accelerated Mouse

Experimental observation of the neuronal damage caused by traumatic brain injuries coupled with secondary brain insults

The Structural and Molecular Mechanism of Neuronal Presynaptic Plasticity

Protective effect of recombinant-Human Erythropoietin on neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury in rats

In vitro culture and induced neuronal differentiation of rat embryonic spinal cord-derived neural stem cells

Changes of cartilage cell apoptosis, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in osteoarthritis

Effects of prenatal stress on neurons and neuronal ultrastructure of developing hippocampus in rats

Protective effect of exogenous Epidermal Growth Factor on neuronal damage following sciatic nerve injury in rats

Changes of neuronal glutamate transporter in the rat hippocampus during acute cerebral ischemia

Protection of risperidone against N-methyl-D-aspartate induced injury in rat cortical neuronal cultures

Construction of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression system in Escherichia coli

Neuronal reperfusion damage after forebrain ischemia in rats at different intervals

Optical mapping of brainstem neuronal activity evoked by auditory electro-stimulation in rats

The Role of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Mechanisms of General Anesthesia

Experimental study on the neuronal damage in the rat thalamus following repeated cerebral ischemia

Mild hypothermia attenuates neuronal apoptosis after cerebral hypoxiaischemia in neonatal rats

Protective role of topiramate against neuronal damage in rat model with epilepsy during growth period

APP17-mer peptide in regulation of neuronal mitochondrial transmembrane potentials and apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats

Effect of Local Mild Hypothermia on Neuronal Apoptosis following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats