borrower

Overstretched borrowers were bound to start defaulting in large numbers once the housing bubble burst and unemployment began to rise.

In Europe's frothier markets unpaid debt hangs around the necks of borrowers, giving them a bigger incentive to tough it out in their homes.

Still, he said, the number of borrowers who are struggling to pay off their debts is much smaller than officials have asserted.

Certainly, credit was extended to unworthy borrowers, but the baby is now being thrown out with the bath water.

Microcredit is one example, in part because poor men seem to be more feckless borrowers than their female counterparts.

Ali-loan does not charge for its credit-scoring service for business borrowers, and says it has no plans to.

To borrowers like this Atlanta couple, trying to refinance their mortgage, a Colorado mother looking for a tuition loan.

They're trying to impose quantitative limits on credit, but are finding that borrowers have enough influence to circumvent the limits.

Reisman, who has 26 clients who are borrowers of CIT, said the current $3 billion rescue plan is only a "temporary solution. "

They view the bank as an intermediary between borrowers who prefer long-maturity loans and depositors who prefer liquid accounts.

The process takes longer and is often more costly for borrowers with larger loans and less than stellar credit.

Some of the costs might be passed on to borrowers in the form of higher interest rates.

Personal auto loan is referred to the RMB secured loan provided to borrowers by lenders used for buying autos.

There also have been a few 'covenant-light' loans, which loosen some of the typical restrictions on borrowers.

Although some of these barriers were undoubtedly beneficial, they also hugely increased costs both for the bank and its borrowers.

Italy is among the biggest borrowers in the world, and its debt accounts for nearly a quarter of the total debt of the overall euro zone.

When risky borrowers find it easy to get credit, they are less likely to go bust, which makes them appear less risky.

Observers say borrowers who took such teaser rates often did not understand what they were signing up for.

The huge advantage of such globalisation was that lenders no longer needed to be physically close to borrowers.

Often, lenders did not make even the most basic of checks to see whether borrowers had the financial wherewithal to pay back what they owed.

But conventional morality has not always been on the side of the borrowers.

Corporate issuance by emerging market borrowers is now running at at least twice the pace of sovereign borrowing.

One is fairly basic: bankers are nervous that borrowers who look solid today may not turn out to be so solid.

the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether or not overall conditions for borrowers were getting worse.

The US Treasury Department is cracking down on mortgage companies failing to help borrowers at risk of foreclosure.

With so many borrowers around the world constantly being told "no" by their creditors, here, finally, was a bank that liked to say "yes" .

Usually, these borrowers are able to get the money back across the border into China.

Housing Secretary Steven C. Preston said the expanded program would help an additional 100, 000 borrowers in crisis by the end of the year.

Businesses, investors and consumers lose confidence; borrowers are unable to repay their lenders, who suffer as well.

I also visited one of the borrowers of the company: a pig farmer who runs a small farm on the edge of Nanchong City.

The euro zone must ensure that delinquent borrowers do not exploit these facilities to run up bills for everyone else to pay.

This time, surplus savings were, in their words, "recycled to a developing country that exists within the US" : the subprime borrowers*.

None of these new borrowers was compelled to come to its doors.

Now China is one of the bank's top borrowers, and in December it became a donor, on a small scale.

In the aftermath of the bank run, many borrowers will find it harder to get loans and will have to pay more for them.

Both it and a subcommittee within the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) insist the system as it stands is unhealthy for borrowers.

A third source of money has since emerged--the "profits" from interest paid by borrowers from the Bank.

The laws also require that borrowers have access to any data used to evaluate their creditworthiness.

Others lend money only if borrowers agree to redeposit up to half of the loan in the same bank at a much lower interest rate.

Also, the IMF noted fiscal sustainability questions in Europe could push up the cost of capital for Australian borrowers.

Its executive directors paid it no heed, and the borrowers on its books never asked for loans and did not receive them.

Real debt burdens therefore rise, causing borrowers to cut spending to service their debts or to default.

We don't want to be exposed to any of these large borrowers.

This was much in evidence with Pakistan, one of the early borrowers from the fund in the current crisis (for the full list, see chart 2).

Sovereign borrowers are also trying to expand their base of investors.

and ripping up contracts between borrowers and private lenders is usually a bad idea.

President Obama's $75 billion housing plan, announced Wednesday, is intended to help up to 9 million struggling borrowers.

He admitted that it was a wrong standpoint to believe that lending institutions would give proper supervision to borrowers.

Creditors have periodically imposed monetary anchors in an attempt to defeat the borrowers' lobby.

But in an economy growing by 15% a year (in nominal terms), that floor is unlikely to deter borrowers.

Housing loans refer to loans granted by the bank to borrowers to facilitate housing purchases.

Normalizing the flow of bank credit to good borrowers will continue to be a top priority for policymakers.

If the trend continues , the industry faces collapse in a state where more than a third of its borrowers live .

Higher yields would, in turn, further undermine sovereign credibility, shutting all but the best quality borrowers out of the market.

Borrowers who do not pay their credit card debt in full each month have to pay interest on whatever balance remains.

And a third was to cut the risk of borrowers defaulting, using CDSs with insurers like American International Group.

But in an economy growing by 15 % a year (in nominal terms) , that floor is unlikely to deter borrowers .

The creditors have the money and therefore the ear of the political elite; the borrowers tend to have the votes.

Consortium members have had to offer higher rates of interest to borrowers and turn to docile retail investors for funds.

Congress is also looking to include additional provisions to help troubled borrowers stay out of foreclosure.

With a number of lenders offering car loans, the borrowers can bargain a good deal in car finance.

"covenant-lite" loans, which imposed few restrictions on borrowers, were all the rage.

A large percentage of its customers are sub-prime borrowers, which means they are considered to be less than creditworthy.

Borrowers who do not pay their card debt in full each month have to pay interest on whatever balance remains.

Unsecured Loan A bank loan that is issued and supported only by the borrowers creditworthiness, rather than by some sort of collateral.

By far the bulk of loans are made at or around the policy rate; riskier borrowers tend to be refused funds altogether.

This time, fears are broader, having to do with the risk of recession and of default by European borrowers, and the selling is broad-based.

On average, borrowers also owe over four times as much to informal lenders, which charge far higher rates, than they do to MFIs.

Some localities have occurred housing intermediary companies colluding with the borrowers, forged "He Xiang C" for the case of bank loans.

To help borrowers, rates used in long-term financing need to move down dramatically before further asset deflation takes hold.

However impatient investors, lenders, and borrowers may be, believing that the actual problems can be solved overnight is irrational.

In recent months, it has had to turn away as many as half its potential borrowers for lack of funds.

That would have left him even more exposed if any of his borrowers' businesses collapsed.

The battle between borrowers and creditors may be the defining struggle of the next generation.

Stockmarket indices, soaring house prices and low inflation surely did more to feed bankers' and borrowers' exaggerated sense of well-being.

The really unpleasant medicine, prescribed by the International Monetary Fund, had to be taken by the far less fortunate borrowers.

The retail appetite for corporate bonds has been a fillip for other cash-strapped European borrowers.

Despite high interest rates of 12% to 20%, there was demand among the borrowers due to a shortage of capital.

In a currency union, borrowers speculate on a bail-out and do not let exploding public and current account deficits bother them.

The borrowers will be required to certify on an annual basis that they continue to occupy the insured property as the place of residence.

That has left many smaller borrowers out in the cold, sometimes struggling to raise working capital, let alone the funds for investment.

Despite all the fuss, less favoured euro-zone borrowers have been far from shunned by the bond market.

Rather than lending directly to borrowers, all the trades are cleared through a central platform, which reduces counterparty risk.

The impact on the banks would be felt not just in defaults by developers and mortgage borrowers, but across the economy.

If the situation worsens, he says, the bank will consider steps like raising the hurdles for borrowers.

The worst effects may not be felt until the mortgage payments of many borrowers with no equity in their homes rise sharply.

But as these mortgages were reset to higher rates and borrowers who had lied about their income failed to pay up, the trap was sprung.

The decrease of asymmetry information between banks and borrowers benefits from information sharing mechanism among banks to a great degree.

He and Mr Yunus are campaigning for the microfinance industry to agree on common standards on disclosing charges to help borrowers.

Regulators are also proposing to raise capital requirements, which will further encourage bankers to turn down borrowers.

Government efforts to help homeowners have intensified, allowing more borrowers to refinance or avoid foreclosure.

PBOC figures show that at the end of 2010, 43% of borrowers were paying above the benchmark, compared with 33% at the beginning of the year.

So it may take a while for the property of struggling borrowers to trickle onto the market.

A main cause of the mortgage crisis is that borrowers did not understand the terms of their loans.

Article 90 A commercial bank shall at least make an update to the ratings of borrowers and guarantors for non-retail exposures each year.

Some borrowers have exhausted their unemploymentbenefits, while others did not qualify in the first place.

CREDIT-CARD borrowers who roll over a portion of their balance each month are known as revolvers .

Recent revelations suggest that many lenders rode roughshod over legal niceties to push delinquent borrowers out of their homes.

But the idea that the British, among the most enthusiastic borrowers in the world, are put off by debt is laughable.

At the other extreme, the high rate of re default suggests that mortgage renegotiation only puts off the inevitable for many borrowers.

borrowers are unable to repay their lenders, who suffer as well.

Every new form of credit brings with it abuse from some borrowers and lenders.

Such measures should be enough to avert a drying-up of bank credit, the main source of finance for euro-area borrowers.

He irked shareholders, borrowers and staff alike by interrupting the flow of money to self-dealing governments or tainted projects.

But too many businesses are surviving because credit costs nothing, and bankers care little whether their borrowers are profitable or not.

Borrowers who do not pay their credit card debt in full each month have to payinterestsinterest on whatever balance remains.

The problem lies with the burden that this debt is imposing on borrowers.

Until recently, student borrowers could only choose the latter, where interest rates can move up and down as often as each month.

Some largest borrowers are considered by banks to be the best borrowers, and in many cases they receive the prime interest rate.

Aashish Agarwal of CLSA, a broker, says he is not too worried about borrowers suddenly being unable to afford interest payments.

The collapse of the industry could have severe consequences for borrowers, who may be forced to resort to money lenders once again.

The reset peak will likely add to political pressure to help borrowers who can't afford to pay the higher interest rates.

It banned commercial banks from buying and selling securities; their job was to pay interest on savings and lend to borrowers.

In a matter of months, 10% of the bank's 56, 000 seriously delinquent borrowers had their payments reduced to 38% or less of income.

A crucial step is a restructuring of the IMF's governance, to make it more responsive to the needs of responsible borrowers.

China is also one of the biggest borrowers from the World Bank, taking out about $1. 5 billion a year.

Government would be subsidizing the interest rate to the injury of borrowers and to the detriment of other segments of the economy.

More convincingly, major borrowers are pressuring banks to lend out as much of the credit quota as possible.

Banks are able to borrow at extremely cheap rates while charging borrowers more, giving them a tidy profit margin.

Yet borrowers often did not even have to show proof of earnings.

And in its absence, experts on housing finance say that fewer borrowers would qualify for the best interest rates.

There are two additional conditions that must be added to these new mortgages, to make them less of a windfall for borrowers.

Borrowers often did not even have to show proof of earnings.

Comprehensive services for borrowers support the poor, nurture communities, and ensure the social efficacy of loans.

Borrowers who are applying for credit right now are likely to be the ones that are having trouble getting loans elsewhere.

The repayment rate on the loans have tended to be better than that of richer borrowers.

Bank foreign exchange lending numbers suggest some corporate borrowers may also have been conducting currency speculation.

Once again central bankers can do little if falling official interest rates do not filter through to borrowers.

But it was often the brokers who steered borrowers away from affordable loans and toward the high-priced loans in the first place.

Even in economies short of good investment projects, a sturdier channel connecting domestic savers and borrowers will help growth.

For borrowers such as these, the failure of the banks will not be measured in periods of a few dramatic months.

Mendicants who can't control their spending, with family members who refuse to put up their own cash, don't make for attractive borrowers.

The borrowers may use cash or deposits with the Bank of China for debt service.

They should also be madeto spell out the terms of interest-rate resets more clearly to borrowers.

For most of the last decade America was a nation of borrowers and spenders, not savers.

So far, the credit crisis has struck young borrowers only a glancing blow.

Unlike Emma and Daniel, Tom began acting at the age of 8. He performed as supporting role in films like Anna and the King and The Borrowers.

During emergency cases, borrowers can use the equity tied up on your home in order to have the money immediately.

To read the books, borrowers around the world can download and read them for free on computers or e-reading gadgets.

The agencies have done fabulously well from the stream of new business, but they are further away from borrowers.

Chinese borrowers will now have to pay at least 0. 25 percentage points more interest on their loans.

Mr. McMullan said some aspiring borrowers didn't meet the bank's eligibility standards or couldn't afford the rates it charged on loans.

The program covers borrowers who live in their homes and who "show a willingness to pay, " the bank said.

But if real rates rise, those borrowers, public and private, that have yet to deleverage are bound to face some nasty moments.

But a growing minority of loans look very different, with weak borrowers, adjustable rates and little, or no, cushion of home equity.

It is designed to help borrowers refinance with the help of the Federal Housing Administration.

Falling prices would make it tougher for borrowers to pay off debt, leading to even more defaults and even tougher lending standards.

The delinquent borrowers often owe at least a thousand dollars.

Borrowers who can no longer get money from capital markets can call instead on contingent funding commitments made by the banks.

The concern among some analysts is what happens if the economy falters and borrowers are unable to repay.

Wall Street's financial alchemy has broken down, and bankers are freshly concerned about the creditworthiness of their borrowers.

Many more borrowers are a month or more behind on their payments and we saw the effects on Wall Street earlier this week of that.

Locals swap stories of cunning borrowers who buy second homes for a song before deliberately defaulting on their first mortgages.

And Congress is in no mood to give it either the powers or the money for more generous relief for borrowers.

Moreover, Amazon will restrict borrowers to one title at a time, one per month.

The increased efficiency will be translated eventually into higher returns for domestic savings and cheaper cost of funds for borrowers.

Some emerging market countries are judged to be less risky borrowers than several western European countries.

It works by doling out government subsidies (up to $10, 000 a mortgage ) to both lenders and borrowers to 'modify' or reduce a mortgage .

The cost of raising funds for risky borrowers has fallen further in European markets, reflecting a benign credit environment.

To its credit, the House bill does create a Consumer Financial Protection Agency to protect borrowers from predatory lending.

So Wall Street hit on a ruse : it took borrowers who in normal times would have been subprime and dressed them up as "mid-prime" .

The Basel accord was designed to deal with a different problem: that big borrowers might default.

Credit spreads, the extra interest lenders charge corporate borrowers, are likely to remain elevated until deleveraging runs its course.

But it seems quite a few borrowers forgot the vital rule.

Thus, the comptroller's seemingly small increase in regulation had the unintended effect of causing some mortgage borrowers to default.

Contrast this with the fact that Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain are net borrowers from the European Central Bank.

Unfortunately, the repayment behaviour of the sub-prime borrowers depends on macro conditions.

Today, they are positively paranoid, distrusting even the best borrowers and forcing companies to pay far more interest on money borrowed.

The results of that are plain to subprime borrowers facing the loss of their homes and to investors who ended up with subprime debt.

The better borrowers and properties clearly have the best chance of surviving the refinancing tsunami.

The borrowers of land reservation loans shall be only limited to the institutions responsible for the first-class land development.

The number of US prime borrowers behind on home loan payments has risen sharply, signalling further problems for banks and investors.

The patchy credit histories of subprime and low-documentation borrowers made it hard to model default rates accurately.

Prosper's principal business is as an online peer-to-peer lender, matching up individual borrowers and lenders.

Perhaps state-owned enterprises Fannie Mae (FNMA) and Freddie Mae (FMCC) should be deployed to refinance credit-worthy underwater borrowers.

But in reality, across the eurozone, the political will to subsidise improvident borrowers is wearing thin.

The loan can carry a ban on early payoff, so borrowers would be obligated to pay above-market rates for years.

Automated underwriting enabled lenders to screen borrowers more efficiently (and also reduced the opportunity for racial discrimination).

Yields for Spain and smaller euro-zone borrowers may have been kept low as banks buy bonds at auction for use as collateral for ECB funding.

They also practice hilarious methods to pressure the money-borrowers to repay in a way that is not violent.

Back in the 1960s, consumer advocates called for greater disclosure to borrowers, leading to so-called truth-in-lending laws.

went after the bank's last domain of business borrowers.

Interest-rate swaps allow investors and borrowers to switch from a fixed rate to a floating, or variable, rate and vice versa.

The early victims of this deleveraging are borrowers in emerging markets.

And leverage turns out to trump credit scores in predicting which borrowers were really risky.

Some borrowers may have had to post cash or some other liquid asset.

FLS - The Free Library System (FLS) is a system for maintaining a database of items and borrowers of a library.

Some of the new bank lending lately, they add, is because stressed borrowers are being forced to tap their credit lines.

In the bust many borrowers have had to find more collateral to offset falling asset prices.

The borrowers themselves have to disclose their financial positions, credit histories, jobs and education.

Under a voluntary program called Hope Now, participating lenders freeze at-risk borrowers' interest rates at a low level.

Hundreds of thousands of repossessed homes, many of them from borrowers who are black and poor, would be politically incendiary.

Millions of borrowers have now stopped paying lenders in the state even though they have the money, the lenders say.

Not knowing what I didn't know, I dived into the loan files of the current portfolio of borrowers.

Unable to get credit at home, Chinese borrowers are getting it abroad.

The amount of loans the borrowers obtained from Hero Ocean was equivalent to the price of their respective bogus purchases.

In subsequent years Amex followed up with a series of cards aimed at niche borrowers, from newlyweds to young Chicago professionals.

The demand for bonds has allowed some of the riskiest borrowers to sell bonds with fewer protections for investors.

Investors reduce their demand for bonds as they become increasingly concerned about the possibility of borrowers defaulting on their debt.

Governments are now borrowers, lenders, investors and insurers of last resort for much of the financial system.

For borrowers, real interest rates this low are a great deal.

In the crystalline world of political and economic theory the immediate task is to stop the run on Europe's banks and sovereign borrowers.

The central bank imposes a ceiling on the interest rates they may pay to depositors and a floor under the rates they may charge borrowers.

But when it comes to another set of borrowers the norms are very different.

One of the best indicators is the past record of borrowers in meeting their obligations.

The new evaluation says more than half its middle-income borrowers have become more unequal over the decade under review.

The team recruited 25 Mechanical Turk workers and asked them to assess pictures of potential borrowers that had been posted on Prosper. com.

That gives clients an incentive to ensure that risky borrowers are not lent money and that nobody takes on too much debt.

But the hitch is the same as with the IMF idea: The currency risk would be transferred, in this case to China's borrowers.

Alt-A mortgages include loans made with less than full documentation of borrowers' income or assets.

Several corporations and other borrowers jumped into the market to take advantage of the tumbling interest rates.

US bad debts were lower than in the fourth quarter of 2008, partly because borrowers were able to use tax rebates to repay debts.

Innumerable acts of trust build up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part.

Generally these loans are given through non-profit organizations or through institutions owned primarily by the borrowers.

American mortgages are non-recourse in many states, making it harder for lenders to pursue defaulting borrowers; not in most of Canada.

Subprime mortgage lending refers to the number of bodies credibility to the extent of poor and low income borrowers of loans.

To the extent that domestic borrowers are paying interest to domestic creditors, these problems should be manageable.

The plan aims to help 1. 2m subprime borrowers with adjustable rate loans by fast-tracking those who can be refinanced.

A Federal Reserve survey of banks showed that lenders are making it harder to get a home loan, even for borrowers with good credit.

Lenders, they say, will have to hammer borrowers to recoup the costs of carrying bigger capital and liquidity buffers.

Protesters say Spain's banking laws - some of the strictest in the world - leave mortgage borrowers with too much debt.

By hiking interest rates, the central bank would be increasing the interest burden on borrowers.

Credit-card use expanded rapidly, and technological innovations gave more consumers access to credit, including subprime borrowers.

Only a minority of borrowers abruptly ceased to make payments, as someone choosing to default would.

Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.

In recent years, a range of businesses have made financing more readily available to even the riskiest of borrowers.

Lenders say that less than 10 percent of borrowers have made payments in the past couple of weeks.

But the percentage of would-be borrowers finding loans hard to get continues to grow (see chart).

These banks can offer competitive loans and less onerous conditions to borrowers in Africa, Latin America or the poorer parts of Asia.

Financial markets are the institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers.

Changes in the policy rate ripple out to all interest rates paid by borrowers.

Borrowers are then charged little more interest than those with an established credit history.

To discourage defaults, the Guangdong Development Bank has taken out ads in newspapers, publicizing the identities of delinquent borrowers.

Investors got assets that yielded more than government bonds and represented claims on a diversified group of borrowers.

For another, more money may be required to address the problem in the housing market by providing relief to subprime and marginal borrowers.

Given the expectation that the renminbi will appreciate over time, few borrowers are interested in renminbi loans.

Lending Margin A spread that borrowers agree to pay above an agreed base rate of interest.

He says the housing plan will not help dishonest these owners' lenders or irresponsible responsible borrowers or save every home.

Investors who buy the riskiest of these are the first to suffer from losses if any of the borrowers default.

Plunging bank stocks can unnerve policy makers, because banks serve as a crucial link between savers and borrowers.

Letters of reference from the borrowers' banks "could have been forged" , the investigators write (although they could not say for sure).

By opting to keep lending institutions intact, officials may have assumed that lenders would be more helpful to borrowers.

As mortgage interest rate falls, it decreases the bankruptcy risk of the borrowers and, hence, decreases distressed sales.

Mortgage servicers, lenders and borrowers will receive incentive payments for the success of restructured loans.

Although most borrowers could still make ends meet, the few who fail are often a victim of exorbitant borrowing costs.

Borrowers must fight for a shrinking supply of new credit. Those that get it must pay far more.

Acom and Promise said they expect more claims and will be closely watching how the Takefuji case will affect borrowers.

But the lower interest rates did not benefit many borrowers who were locked into average 30-year fixed rates of 5. 15 per cent.

Borrowers used the bills to meet their obligations and were usually required to repay the debt, with interest, in annual installments.

Domestic banks in Asia were not immune but were likely to preserve relationships with borrowers with the strongest records.