liberalisation

It could lead to a dramatic liberalisation of Europe's railways, akin to that of its airlines.

The western-led liberal consensus that taught that liberalisation was a one-way process is no longer as strong as it was.

But one aspect of India's experience after trade liberalisation did not conform to what the researchers had expected.

Top of the list must be improving their sclerotic economies, best done through a serious programme of liberalisation and deregulation.

A tacit pact between the Alawite and Sunni elites is cemented by the skilful doling-out of the fruits of economic liberalisation.

It was the result of substantial policy liberalisation in the countryside during the 1980s.

All this change was driven, in turn, by liberalisation, by technological innovation and by developments in financial economics.

The next steps in the reform of interest rate on the Mainland will, I hope, be in the direction of further liberalisation.

The company survived liberalisation, and then prospered, by investing in sophisticated capital-intensive production.

"It's potentially a major step forward towards capital account liberalisation, " he said.

The region was becalmed, even as democratisation and economic liberalisation swept through so much of the rest of the world.

Both the IMF and the OECD have been urging further liberalisation as the only sure route to better economic performance.

In preaching reform and openly admiring the Anglo-American system, he seems to embrace liberalisation and more competition.

The official said China was also poised to announce some further "incremental steps" in the direction of financial sector liberalisation.

If it can be combined with gradual political liberalisation, it might even offer something for China to think about.

Citing rates of 9 per cent a year since economic liberalisation began under Deng Xiaoping, he says this growth is unprecedented.

In both countries, fear of "chaos" is frequently stirred up to fend off demands for political liberalisation.

Economic liberalisation has only highlighted what Libyans are missing out on.

Democrats have become increasingly hostile to further trade liberalisation in the last two years.

The road map for . . . internationalisation has said nothing about the need for interest rate liberalisation and a flexible exchange rate.

If that fails, the FTAAP would be the next-best big-scope trade liberalisation option.

The European Commission and its single-market directives provide plenty of political cover for Italy to push towards greater liberalisation.

That might destroy the prospect of any trade liberalisation during his presidency.

Although nobody expects a Deng Xiaoping-style liberalisation, a slow opening up, at least towards China, is a possibility.

Economic liberalisation has created wealth and jobs, and a class of entrepreneurs unshackled by the state.

By the end of his first term, Mr Putin had abandoned most of his tentative attempts at economic liberalisation.

The services sector, despite some liberalisation (for instance, in retailing) is still underdeveloped.

The B20 is most frustrated over the long-stalled, so-called Doha round of international trade liberalisation talks.

Combined with liberalisation of food imports, a faster appreciation would also be a good way to deal with the jump in food prices.

But between the processes of trade liberalisation and financial liberalisation there lies a great difference.

In Italy, the establishment of an electricity regulator accompanied the partial sale ENEL and liberalisation of the market.

Now the industries that used to push hard for multilateral liberalisation are settling for bilateral trade deals, red tape and all.

But arguably the biggest drag on liberalisation is old-fashioned resistance to open markets, plus a dash of reverence for letter writing.

Non-governmental organisations caution against liberalisation lest Africans be taken advantage of by unscrupulous westerners.

Serious fraying has occurred of the consensus that trade liberalisation's benefits for the many should be coupled with aid for the few.

Mr Ganzouri's cabinet introduced some economic liberalisation measures. Many Egyptians still view him as an official who was not corrupt.

But in an environment of financial liberalisation and innovation, the resultant excesses produced the disarray we see today.

These problems underline why trade liberalisation is no substitute for either more domestic reform or foreign aid.

But traders in New York and London suggested it was a step backwards rather than the promised liberalisation.

The move, he says, was part of a broader liberalisation of the currency whose ultimate goal.

So one theme of the debate covered in the report is how internationalisation can be achieved without liberalisation.

Our liberalisation policy has encouraged significant investment and competitiveness in the telecommunications industry.

The underlying rationale of unilateral trade liberalisation had been buried and forgotten long ago.

Developing a domestic bond market should be a top priority and China should also embark on capital account liberalisation.

This was a major liberalisation of the previous strict controls.

Ever since the start of doi moi (renewal) reforms in 1986, economic liberalisation has been accompanied by a gradual political loosening.

Thanks to financial liberalisation (which America encouraged), New York faces a lot more competition than it used to.

What about the sustainability of a system of government that combines political authoritarianism and economic liberalisation?

Many people assume that 20 years of liberalisation has largely stripped India's corporate establishment of its market muscle.

Many have chosen to go slow or even step back from financial liberalisation through introducing or tightening restrictions and controls.

With the fall of the Berlin Wall, it became fashionable for western intellectuals to link economic liberalisation with political freedom.

Given such considerations, Beijing is taking a gradual step-by-step approach to the liberalisation of its capital account.

Dovish Chinese analysts express their usual hope that there will be a shift toward economic liberalisation.

The mooted liberalisation comes as China's demand for electronic goods is driving much of the recovery in Taiwan's technology industry.

He emphasised that further development in this area crucially depends on the pace of financial reform and liberalisation on the Mainland.

Liberal critics quickly pointed out that modernisation in Russia is impossible without political liberalisation and institutional change.

A pro-competition and open regulatory regime will continue to underpin our liberalisation policy for the telecommunications industry.

Egypt's steps towards economic liberalisation stimulated an appetite for greater opportunity that fuelled discontent with the ruling regime.

Hence, the rationale policy response is to proceed with capital account liberalisation while keeping an iron grip on the property market.

Although still too restrictive, China is moving in the right direction of liberalisation.

This may change, of course, but for now China appears to be seized more with reform than liberalisation.

It was deeply unpopular: price liberalisation made evident the destruction of savings under Soviet inflation.

As for liberalisation, Mr Nuder says baldly, "We have done enough deregulation. "

Mr Ho's complaint has engendered little sympathy in Macao, where liberalisation of the gaming industry has sparked a frenzy of construction.

Mr Putin remains lukewarm on liberalisation, tending to err on the side of political stability.

Liberalisation has run aground because its defenders have failed to make that simple argument.

A new explosion of discriminatory bilateral and regional agreements is likely to substitute for global liberalisation.

Yet despite these encouraging signs of liberalisation, no one expects Myanmar's cyber-awakening to progress at broadband speed.

The comparison with China is especially tempting, given India's sizeable population, recent liberalisation and largely agrarian economy.

Eight GATT rounds of multilateral liberalisation have led to substantially lower tariff rates.

Low inflation, achieved through more disciplined public finances and trade liberalisation, has brought falling interest rates.

All the troubled economies, solvent or insolvent, need a renewed programme of structural reform and liberalisation.

Today, after 20 years of liberalisation, state-run banks can sometimes look like they are in terminal decline.

But the belief that market liberalisation increases social inequalities is not borne out by the evidence.

Earlier, smaller, changes did create some passing momentum; but Mr Singh's liberalisation was of more lasting significance.

We speculate that under intensive exercise the inflammatory situation may suppress liberalisation of progenitor cells from the bone marrow.

Moreover, economic reforms have not been matched by a liberalisation of politics.

But the evidence on the benefits of liberalisation in emerging economies, though not absent, is not as strong as proponents desire.

The recent imposition of further controls by Brazil demonstrates that key countries risk reversing currency liberalisation.

today , it is in the opposite direction : the themes are liberalisation , privatisation and deregulation.

But there really is no magic formula or sequence for financial liberalisation.

Whatever else they may achieve, though, Mr Prodi's overtures to the right may not improve the chances of further liberalisation in Italy.

Price liberalisation made the erosion of Russians' savings visible, and was hugely painful.

With deadening pragmatism, the commission says liberalisation will improve quality and choice and reduce state subsidies.

Economic liberalisation has a poor reputation, thanks to reforms earlier this decade whose fruits flowed largely to the well-connected.

Free-marketeers found him frustratingly unsympathetic to demands for more liberalisation and less bureaucracy.

In the decade after liberalisation, Indian industry lost much of this shelter.

Asia is becoming awash with competitive liberalisation, while populist protectionist sentiment prevails in the west.

the integrating euro core leans more towards protection of national champions and resistance to further liberalisation.

Of course, policymakers have every reason to move cautiously when it comes to financial liberalisation.

Their cause was helped earlier this month when China issued landmark rules to flesh out the liberalisation measures.

Liberalisation of trade and capital flows was a project owned largely by the US.

If they distract policymakers from global trade liberalisation, they are to be discouraged.

Government is committed to continuing with the liberalisation in the telecommunications sector.

First, there is an urgent need for a sustained liberalisation of agricultural trade.

He was sceptical, meanwhile, about the potential of European rail liberalisation to produce the once-expected surge of orders there.

There is a bulk academic literature that links liberalisation of markets with an increase in bank failures.

And the Doha round, through which multilateral liberalisation might erase regional trade preferences, remains stuck.

Now, China and the other big emerging market countries must take the lead in negotiating further multilateral liberalisation.

The liberalisation of air travel has increased competition between big hubs, especially in Europe and the Gulf.

Instead of mass privatisations, China has opted for selective liberalisation that has favoured foreign investors over local entrepreneurs.

The same goes for an ostensible liberalisation of rules that require women to have a male "guardian" .

What's still under debate is the signal responsible for the training-induced liberalisation of cells from the bone marrow.

Despite limited liberalisation, that system produced huge increases in cross-border trade and investment.

Mr Keidel's chief policy recommendations are two: higher domestic interest rates and liberalisation of imports of wheat and rice.

Rapid political liberalisation is dismissed as a trap that could create social chaos.

This - and not the creation of business opportunities per se - is the purpose of liberalisation.

It is difficult to imagine how the genie of liberalisation can be stuffed back into its lamp.

NARCOTICS liberalisation was once the cause of freethinkers and hippies.

In reality it is the import liberalisation, not the export gain, that benefits the countries most.

Starting in the 1970s, financial liberalisation and innovation eased credit constraints on the public and private sectors.

In Mr Greenspan's eyes, these global forces are largely market forces, unleashed by global economic liberalisation.

Mr Paulson said financial services liberalisation was also "very important to China's balanced growth" .

The history of development in the west suggests economic and political liberalisation are inseparable.

And it wants a programme of liberalisation and privatisation to promote competition, increase productivity and cut consumer-price inflation.

Party officials cite growing unrest as evidence of the dangers of liberalisation.

In addition, the growth of the financial industry has coincided with the move to floating exchange rates and market liberalisation.

This process will be gradual, subject to the pace of liberalisation of the capital account.

But these "traditional own resources" have dwindled thanks to trade liberalisation.

The case for trade liberalisation is simple: it is not wise to throw rocks into your own harbours.

He built the world's fourth largest army, crippling an economy that he refused to reform, viewing liberalisation as betrayal.

Passengers in these countries are expected to benefit most from liberalisation.

As chief minister of West Bengal, he realised that economic liberalisation and the rise of China were making old orthodoxies redundant.

They said their key demands in financial services involved liberalisation in Brazil, China and India.

Indeed, this often becomes an important incentive for financial liberalisation, and offshore markets are used as testing grounds.

Food is scarcer now thanks to market liberalisation, which helped to cut excess production and lower stocks.

The very liberalisation that North Korea requires will itself be destabilising.

She seems intellectually to accept the case for greater liberalisation, smaller government and freer markets.

Russia's rapprochement is fragile since it hinges on an idea of modernisation that is unlikely to succeed without liberalisation.

New trade- restricting measures outnumber acts of liberalisation by two to one.

The influence of Smedley and his peers on the liberalisation of British media is plain.

To appease an important lobby, the deal includes 18 farming and fishery categories, with no reciprocal liberalisation in Taiwan.

But still, the government needs to lift confidence, and retail liberalisation could work like a bargain bag of yeast.

Yiin Chii-ming said yesterday that 65 manufacturing sectors would be opened to Chinese investors in the first phase of liberalisation.

When the strategy to create a foundation for market liberalisation failed, answers were sought elsewhere.

India Inc's newer companies rose after a burst of liberalisation back in 1991.

She has used this to forward an aggressive trade liberalisation programme drawn up by her predecessor, Peter Mandelson.

By the time an economic crisis brought on liberalisation in 1991, though, most business folk were utterly fed up.

Many analysts expect full liberalisation of rules on mainland investment.

Reform is hard for any government, but the FDP's ideas for lower taxes and further liberalisation are promising.

Further price liberalisation beckons.

Asean has delivered some trade liberalisation successes.

But the intention is to undertake a far-reaching liberalisation of governance in the country.

After all, there have been doom-mongers about India's miracle ever since liberalisation began in 1991.

And the danger is that an overdue revision of GSP may turn into an attempt to roll back trade liberalisation.

The negotiations have a wide-ranging scope with emphasis on trade and investment liberalisation and facilitation.

However, exchange-rate and capital-account liberalisation is a policy objective of the Chinese authorities.

There will be no avoiding it once access to Europe's passenger lines follows the freight liberalisation that started last January.

The background to Deng Xiaoping's liberalisation of the Chinese economy in 1978 was a fiscal and foreign exchange crisis.

We need to ensure that regional trade initiatives are compatible with global trade liberalisation.

[font=Times New Roman]This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas, and free trade became British policy.

Despite the upbeat outlook for Asia, Bisignani warned the region to press on with liberalisation or miss its growth potential.

Could Japan yet end up a flag-carrier for liberalisation?

Another vital factor has been the liberalisation of telecoms markets and the issuing of licences to rival operators.

For China, that means more social security and liberalisation of services.

People in emerging markets have mixed feelings about financial liberalisation and may not regret its reversal.

In particular, governments can pave the way for future liberalisation of exchange rates.

The renminbi has climbed nearly 5 per cent against the dollar since last summer's liberalisation.

The first challenge is that the globalisation and liberalisation of markets require structurally sound and resilient domestic systems.

At present, the Chinese are broadly pliant, accepting prosperity without political liberalisation.

Viewers here have reaped the benefits of media liberalisation.

In some of them, financial liberalisation has opened domestic securities markets to foreigners for the first time.

The WTO does more than just negotiate liberalisation deals.

The most glaring omission is economic liberalisation.

Second, speed up liberalisation of trade and investment.

If the liberalisation is in both directions, we can help Chinese clients buy financial products in Taiwan and vice versa.

Liberalisation should lower food prices by cutting out middle men and waste.

Mr Singh should give economic liberalisation one more push.

But the next stage of liberalisation will also mean a loss of political power.

Visa liberalisation is also a priority for Turkey, which has been relaxing the rules for many of its eastern neighbours.

The trick for them will be to handle the liberalisation of capital regimes without wrecking interest- and exchange-rate policy.

A more fundamental point is that China and other emerging market countries are unilaterally rolling back the high tide of liberalisation.

But Germany also needs to push ahead with liberalisation.

In the cinema business, however, the wave of liberalisation has been slow to arrive.

There are calls for greater liberalisation in international trade in goods and services.

We would obviously like this government liberalisation, and it's in China's own interests.

The era of financial liberalisation has ended.

First, talk of the renminbi's liberalisation is overegged.

The lesson is that the best trade liberalisation begins at home.

The process of Chinese economic liberalisation has been more orderly and linear.

If that liberalisation occurred, he thinks it would deliver an "economic boost as high as $39, 000bn over 25 years" .

And it will come up as a barrier to liberalisation more generally.

The liberalisation of the renminbi in Hong Kong is part of China's plan to transform it from a domestic currency into a global one.

Long-time market participants are revising their expectations for full liberalisation from 30-plus years to as little as five or 10.

In areas such as agricultural goods, trade liberalisation was nothing short of dramatic.

In order to modernise Russia, Mr Chubais argues, political liberalisation is desirable, but not essential.

For a brief moment, it looked as if the budget might open the way to privatisation and liberalisation.

As a result, market liberalisation has spawned more than 25 life insurers and 750 mutual funds.

Liberalisation brings many advantages, but unless it is carefully managed it can lead to trouble.

The AK party has been in government since 2002, pursuing an agenda of broadly democratic reform and market liberalisation.

Yet, as with last year's strike by lorry-drivers, another benchmark dispute, Greeks are betting on liberalisation.

Further development of renminbi banking business in Hong Kong depends on the pace of financial liberalisation on the Mainland.

Financial liberalisation in China also promises to have a significant impact on financial service providers active in Hong Kong and beyond.

Japanese banking liberalisation: Knocking down the wall

Perhaps those who believed in the liberalisation mantra that was responsible for the crisis and its rapid spread have learnt the lessons;

Liberalisation Schedule for Telecommunications Services

in january , the telecommunications market was fully liberalised after the liberalisation of the external facility - based market

Full liberalisation of the external telecommunications services market

Liberalisation of the telecommunications market

Progressive liberalisation of trade in services with substantial sectoral coverage

Review of current CHP situation in Italy: energy related policies, regulations and market liberalisation impact

speeding up financial liberalisation to lift the cost of capital;

in Singapore to reassure the sceptical 21-member Asia- Pacific trade group that the US remains committed to trade liberalisation;

China's capital controls The more special economic zone The landscape of capital-account liberalisation

to offer an ambitious alternative to restart the process of liberalisation on the widest possible basis if that primary goal fails;

Liberalisation Schedule for Value-added Services

Liberalisation in Germany is blocked by coalition politics;

would push ahead with Mr Jiang's other reforms and economic liberalisation

a measure of economic liberalisation