liana

The plantations and natural forests clearly differentiate into special layers and contained a certain number of interbedded lianas.

the vertical structure of each forest community were obvious and could be divided into tree layer , shrub layer , herbage layer and lianas.

Evergreen subshrubs or climbing lianas, epiphytic, less frequently epipetric or terrestrial, not rhizomatous.

Lianas, slender; old branches green-brownish or purplish, not tuberculate; seeds globose, surface finely corrugated.

that the species structure is complicated. The communities have four layers-tree stratum, shrub layer, lianas and herb layer.

Shrubs, scandent shrubs, trees, or lianas, sometimes hemiparasitic, often glabrous.

Lianas usually glabrous except for interpetiolar lines, petioles, calyx, and corolla.

Lianas robust, densely pilose to tomentose throughout except for interior of corolla.

Most herbs and lianas usually become monodominant communities and destroy the original ecological system of the plain and low hills.

Shrubs or herbs, rarely subshrubs or lianas, usually twining or climbing, rarely erect.

Compared with species in tree layer, damages of woody seedlings, herbs or lianas growing under the canopies were largely reduced.

Lianas woody, or shrubs when lacking climbing support, rarely non-climbing shrubs, trees, or subherbaceous.

Trees, shrubs, or lianas, occasionally with tendrils.

Herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas.

but saplings, tree leaves and twisted lianas are all taken, with little care.

Global climate-variance (CO2 increase) promotes abundance of lianas to increase, and some ecological consequence are resulted from which.

Trees, shrubs, or woody lianas, evergreen or deciduous, rarely subherbaceous.

Evergreen trees, shrubs, or lianas, root parasites.

Scandent shrubs or lianas, with axillary tendrils. Branchlets unarmed.

Plants woody lianas or sometimes low shrubs, latex present.

Lianas evergreen, woody, to 20 cm. Branchlets pale gray or dark brown, sparsely to densely rusty pubescent when young, glabrous when older.

They are trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs, and sometimes fleshy, usually with latex.

Lianas woody, latex white. Leaves opposite.

genus of South American shrubs or lianas having large flower heads with feathery pappuses.

Lianas woody, without tendrils and latex.

Lianas or sarmentose shrubs, stolon bearing when pruned, to 4. 5 m tall, glabrous except for corolla, latex clear or yellowish.

Lianas woody, to 10 m, glabrous except for young shoots and inflorescences.

Lianas woody, large, latex white.

Lianas to 7 m. Branchlets terete to sometimes subangular, pubescent, glabrescent, with axillary double tendrils.

Lianas or scandent shrubs, to 4 m, glabrous except for calyx and corolla.

Lianas woody, to 3 m, glabrous except for inflorescences.

Lianas woody, with white latex.

Lianas woody, with milky latex.

Lianas to 10 m. Juvenile branchlets and inflorescences pubescent.

Lianas to 4 m, glabrous except for interior of corolla tube at base.

Woody lianas, lianoid shrubs, or small trees.

Lianas stout, woody, to 8 m. Bark dull gray, glabrous, warty.

Lianas to 10 m. Branches and branchlets slender, pubescent or glabrous.

Lianas to 12 m. Branchlets pale yellow or gray, pubescent when young, glabrescent, lenticellate.

Lianas with white latex.

Lianas to 5 m. Stems slender pubescent along 1 line, densely pubescent at nodes.

Lianas to 10 m. Branchlets pubescent when young, soon glabrous.

Lianas woody, 4-20 m, glabrous except for inflorescences.

Lianas to 6 m, glabrous throughout.

Lianas to 8 m. Stems and branches lenticellate.

Lianas woody, to 5 m, glabrous.

Lianas to 8 m. Branchlets pubescent along 2 lines, glabrescent.

Lianas woody, to 4 m. Branchlets gray-green.

Lianas to 10 m. Branchlets glabrous.

3 (2) Lianas, sometimes shrubs; rachis of racemes tomentose; drupe 2. 5-3 cm.

Lianas or scandent shrubs climbing by hooked apices of sympodial branches;

Lianas to 6 m, tomentose except for corolla and gynostegium;

Lianas to 20 m. Stems grayish white, rugose;

Lianas to 1 m. Stems gray;