gluon

In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), hadronic matter is composed of quarks, and interactions between them are mediated by eight massless gluons.

In simplest terms, the proton comprises three quarks with gluons zipping between them to convey the strong force.

Under such conditions atomic nuclei "evaporate" into a plasma of even smaller particles called quarks and gluons.

Quarks and gluons were only able to condense into larger particles when universal energy conditions were low enough.

The heat from the Big Bang literally melted the nuclear matter of atoms, releasing the particles inside (like gluons and quarks).

Nuclear physics is an effective theory of nuclei, whereas the Standard Model is the effective theory of quarks and gluons.

Instead the nuclear force acting between nucleons is a complicated by-product of the interactions of their constituent quarks and gluons.

Immediately after lead ions collided, jets were created by the quarks and gluons blasting away from the micro-Big Bangs.

We shall see later that gluons are essential to the dynamics of the quarks inside the proton.

The quarks and gluons indeed break out of confinement and behave collectively, if only fleetingly .

He says that the condensate should in fact appear for gluons moving with even lower momenta than have been measured.

Gluons, Particle-Antiparticle, Gluons Inside Nucleons.

In the Standard Model, one can calculate those quantities, using properties of quarks and gluons as inputs.

Gluons can form bound states called glueballs through self-interactions of gluons.

The lone jets indicate that individual quarks and gluons are indeed colliding at high energy.

Gluons are particles that "glue" quarks together using the so-called strong force.

gluons link quarks into protons and neutrons via the strong nuclear force;