These are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent sth. 以上各词均指为达到某目的或为阻止某事而作出的努力。

• campaign a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social, commercial or political aim 指为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动或运动：◆the campaign for parliamentary reform 要求议会改革的运动◆an advertising campaign 广告宣传活动
• battle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆She finally won the legal battle for compensation. 她终于赢得了这场要求赔偿的法律斗争。◆the endless battle between man and nature 人与大自然永无休止的斗争
• struggle a competition or an argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or control 指个人或集体为赢得权力或控制权而进行的较量、争论或斗争：◆the struggle for independence 为独立的斗争◆the struggle between good and evil 正邪之争

battle or struggle? 用 battle 还是 struggle？

A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just desirable, or about the pleasure of winning. * struggle 总是用于似乎绝对必要的斗争，如关乎生死、自由等。battle 还可用于并非绝对必要的斗争，如仅仅是想得到或者为了获得胜利的满足感：◆the battle/struggle between good and evil 正邪之争◆a legal struggle for compensation◆a struggle of wills/wits

• drive an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth 指团体为达到目的而作出的有组织的努力：◆the drive for greater efficiency 为提高效率而作出的努力◆a drive to reduce energy consumption 为减少能源消耗而发起的运动

campaign or drive? 用 campaign 还是 drive？

A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do sth; a drive may be an attempt by people to get themselves to do sth. * campaign 通常指发动别人参加的运动；drive 可指让自己作出努力：◆From today, we're going on an economy drive (= we must spend less). 从今天起，我们要展开厉行节约运动。A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a drive. * campaign 所指的运动可能比 drive 更大规模、更正式和更有组织。

• war [sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop sth bad 指为消灭或阻止有害事物而进行的长期斗争：◆the war against crime 反犯罪活动的斗争
• fight [sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent sth bad or achieve sth good; an act of competing, especially in a sport 指为制止或防止坏事物或为达到好目的而进行的斗争，或指竞赛，尤指体育竞赛：◆Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies. 工人赢得了阻止强制裁员的斗争。

war or fight? 用 war 还是 fight？

• A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight can be about achieving justice for yourself. * war 用于制止人人摒弃的事物（如毒品和犯罪）而进行的斗争；fight 可用于为自己伸张正义而进行的斗争。

Patterns

• a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against sth
• a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for sth
• a one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/war
• a bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight
• to launch/embark on a campaign/battle/drive
• to lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight
• to win/lose a battle/struggle/war/fight

Running for election 参加选举

• conduct/hold an election/a referendum 举行选举/全民公决
• (especially NAmE) run for office/election/governor/mayor/president/the White House 竞选公职；参加竞选；竞选州长/市长/总统/美国总统
• (especially BrE) stand for election/office/Parliament/the Labour Party/a second term 参加竞选；竞选公职/议会议员；当工党候选人；竞选连任
• hold/call/contest a general/national election 举行/要求/角逐大选/全国选举
• launch/run a presidential election campaign 开始总统竞选活动
• support/back a candidate 支持候选人
• sway/convince/persuade voters/the electorate 说服选民/全体选民
• appeal to/attract/woo/target (NAmE) swing voters/ (BrE) floating voters 吸引游离选民；寻求游离选民的支持；瞄准游离选民
• fix/rig/steal an election/the vote 操纵选举；暗中舞弊获取选票

Voting 投票

• go to/be turned away from (especially BrE) a polling station/ (NAmE) a polling place 去/被拒绝进入投票站投票
• cast a/your vote/ballot (for sb) 投（某人）一票
• vote for the Conservative candidate/the Democratic party 投票给保守党候选人/民主党
• mark/spoil your ballot paper 在选票上做标记；投废票
• count (BrE) the postal votes/ (especially NAmE) the absentee ballots 清点邮寄选票数
• go to/be defeated at the ballot box 去投票箱投票；竞选失败
• get/win/receive/lose votes 赢得/失去选票
• get/win (60% of) the popular/black/Hispanic/Latino/Muslim vote 赢得大众/黑人/拉美裔/穆斯林 (60%) 的选票
• win the election/(in the US) the primaries/a seat in Parliament/a majority/power 赢得大选/（美国的）初选/议会中的一个席位/多数票/权力
• lose an election/the vote/your majority/your seat 在选举中失败；失去多数人的支持/席位
• win/come to power in a landslide (victory) (= with many more votes than any other party) 以压倒多数的选票获胜/掌权
• elect/re-elect sb (as) mayor/president/an MP/senator/congressman/congresswoman 选举/再度选举某人为市长/总统/议员/参议员/国会议员/国会女议员

Taking power 掌权

• be sworn into office/in as president 宣誓就职/就任总统
• take/administer (in the US) the oath of office （美国）宣誓就职；听取就职宣誓
• swear/take (in the UK) an/the oath of allegiance （英国）宣誓效忠
• give/deliver (in the US) the president's inaugural address 发表（美国）总统就职演说
• take/enter/hold/leave office 就职；任职；离职
• appoint sb (as) ambassador/governor/judge/minister 任命某人为大使/州长/法官/部长
• form a government/a cabinet 组建政府/内阁
• serve two terms as prime minister/in office 任两届总理；两届任职