释义
🔑 hard BrE /hɑːd / NAmE /hɑːrd / adjective (hard·er , hard·est ➤ solid /stiff 坚固；坚硬 🔑 solid , firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break ◆ Wait for the concrete to go hard . ◆ a hard mattress ◆ Diamonds are the hardest known mineral . OPP soft ➤ difficult 不易 🔑 difficult to do , understand or answer ◆ a hard choice /question ◆ ~ to do sth It is hard to believe that she's only nine . ◆ It's hard to see how they can lose . ◆ 'When will the job be finished ?' 'It's hard to say (= it is difficult to be certain .' ◆ I find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept . ◆ We're finding reliable staff hard to come by (= difficult to get ) . ◆ ~ for sb (to do sth )It's hard for old people to change their ways . ◆ It must be hard for her , bringing up four children on her own . OPP easy 🔑 full of difficulty and problems , especially because of a lack of money SYN tough ◆ Times were hard at the end of the war . ◆ She's had a hard life . OPP easy ➤ needing /using effort 费力；用力 🔑 needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort ◆ It's hard work shovelling snow . ◆ I've had a long hard day . difficult hard ⬥ challenging ⬥ demanding ⬥ taxing These words all describe sth that is not easy and requires a lot of effort or skill to do. 以上各词均形容事情困难、费力、难做。
difficult not easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand 指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的 ： ◆ The exam questions were quite difficult. 考题相当难。 ◆ It is difficult for young people to find jobs around here. 年轻人要在附近找到工作很难。 hard not easy; needing effort or skill to do or understand 指困难的、费力的、难做的、难懂的 ： ◆ I always found languages quite hard at school. 在学校读书时我总觉得语言很难学。 ◆ It was one of the hardest things I ever did. 这是我做过的最难的事情之一。 difficult or hard? 用 difficult 还是 hard？ Hard is slightly less formal than difficult . It is used particularly in the structure hard to believe/say/find/take, etc. , although difficult can also be used in any of these examples. * hard 较 difficult 稍非正式，主要用于 hard to believe/say/find/take 等结构中，不过 difficult 亦可用于上述结构。
challenging (approving difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability 指困难而有意思的、有挑战性的、考验能力的 demanding difficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of effort, skill or patience 指要求高的、需要高技能或耐性的、费力的 ： ◆ It is a technically demanding piece of music to play. 演奏这一段音乐需要有很高的技艺。 taxing (often used in negative statements) difficult to do and needing a lot of mental or physical effort （常用于否定句）指繁重的、费力的、伤脑筋的 ： ◆ This shouldn't be too taxing for you. 这对你来说不至于太费劲。 Patterns difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxing for sb difficult/hard to do sth physically difficult/hard/challenging/demanding/taxing technically difficult/challenging/demanding mentally/intellectually challenging/demanding/taxing 🔑 (of people 人 putting a lot of effort or energy into an activity ◆ She's a very hard worker . ◆ He's hard at work on a new novel . ◆ When I left they were all still hard at it (= working hard . 🔑 done with a lot of strength or force ◆ He gave the door a good hard kick . ◆ a hard punch ➤ without sympathy 缺乏同情心 🔑 showing no sympathy or affection ◆ My father was a hard man . ◆ She gave me a hard stare . ◆ He said some very hard things to me . ➤ not afraid 不畏惧 (informal (of people 人 ready to fight and showing no signs of fear or weakness ◆ Come and get me if you think you're hard enough . ◆ You think you're really hard , don't you ? ➤ facts /evidence 事实；证据 [ only before noun ] definitely true and based on information that can be proved ◆ Is there any hard evidence either way ? ◆ The newspaper story is based on hard facts . ➤ weather 天气 very cold and severe ◆ It had been a hard winter . ◆ There was a hard frost that night . ➡ compare mild adjective (2 ➤ drink 饮料 [ only before noun ] strongly alcoholic ◆ hard liquor ◆ (informal a drop of the hard stuff (= a strong alcoholic drink ➡ compare soft drink ➤ water 水 containing calcium and other mineral salts that make mixing with soap difficult ◆ a hard water area ◆ Our water is very hard . OPP soft ➤ consonants 辅音 (phonetics 语音学 used to describe a letter c or g when pronounced as in 'cat' or 'go' , rather than as in 'city' or 'giant' OPP soft ▸ hard·ness BrE /ˈhɑːdnəs / NAmE /ˈhɑːrdnəs / noun [ U ] ◆ water hardness ◆ hardness of heart ● be ˈhard on sb /sth 🔑 to treat or criticize sb in a very severe or strict way ◆ Don't be too hard on him —he's very young . 🔑 to be difficult for or unfair to sb /sth ◆ It's hard on people who don't have a car . to be likely to hurt or damage sth ◆ Looking at a computer screen all day can be very hard on the eyes . ● drive /strike a hard ˈbargain to argue in an aggressive way and force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement ● give sb a hard ˈtime to deliberately make a situation difficult and unpleasant for sb ◆ They really gave me a hard time at the interview . ● ˌhard and ˈfast (especially after a negative 尤用于否定词后 that cannot be changed in any circumstances ◆ There are no hard and fast rules about this . ● (as ) ˌhard as ˈnails showing no sympathy , kindness or fear ● ˌhard ˈcheese (BrE informal used as a way of saying that you are sorry about sth , usually ironically (= you really mean the opposite ● ˌhard ˈgoing difficult to understand or needing a lot of effort ◆ I'm finding his latest novel very hard going . ● ˌhard ˈluck /ˈlines (BrE used to tell sb that you feel sorry for them ◆ 'Failed again , I'm afraid .' 'Oh , hard luck .' ● the ˈhard way by having an unpleasant experience or by making mistakes ◆ She won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way . ● make hard ˈwork of sth to use more time or energy on a task than is necessary ● no hard ˈfeelings used to tell sb you have been arguing with or have beaten in a contest that you would still like to be friendly with them ◆ It looks like I'm the winner again . No hard feelings , Dave , eh ? ● play hard to ˈget (informal to make yourself seem more attractive or interesting by not immediately accepting an invitation to do sth ● too much like hard ˈwork needing too much effort ◆ I can't be bothered making a hot meal —it's too much like hard work . ● a ˌhard /ˌtough act to ˈfollow a person who is so good or successful at sth that it will be difficult for anyone else coming after them to be as good or successful ● have a (hard /difficult ) job doing /to do sth to have difficulty doing sth ◆ You'll have a job convincing them that you're right . ◆ He had a hard job to make himself heard . ● take a long (cool /hard ) ˈlook at sth to consider a problem or possibility very carefully and without hurrying ◆ We need to take a long hard look at all the options . ● a hard /tough ˈnut (to ˈcrack )a difficult problem or situation to deal with ● (caught /stuck ) between a ˌrock and a ˈhard place in a situation where you have to choose between two things , both of which are unpleasant 🔑 hard BrE /hɑːd / NAmE /hɑːrd / adverb (hard·er , hard·est ➤ with effort 努力 🔑 with great effort ; with difficulty ◆ to work hard ◆ You must try harder . ◆ She tried her hardest not to show how disappointed she was . ◆ Don't hit it so hard ! ◆ He was still breathing hard after his run . ◆ Our victory was hard won (= won with great difficulty . ➤ with force 猛力 🔑 with great force ◆ (figurative Small businesses have been hit hard / hard hit by the recession .➤ carefully 仔细 🔑 very carefully and thoroughly ◆ to think hard ◆ We thought long and hard before deciding to move house . ➤ a lot 大量 heavily ; a lot or for a long time ◆ It was raining hard when we set off . hard / hardly The adverb from the adjective hard is hard . 形容词 hard 的副词为 hard ： ◆ I have to work hard today. 今天我得努力工作。 ◆ She has thought very hard about her future plans. 她曾经苦苦思考将来该怎么办。 ◆ It was raining hard outside. 外面雨下得很大。 Hardly is an adverb meaning 'almost not'. * hardly 为副词，意为几乎不、几乎没有 ： ◆ I hardly ever go to concerts. 我很少去听音乐会。 ◆ I can hardly wait for my birthday. 我迫切等待着我的生日。 It cannot be used instead of hard . 该词不能代替 hard ： ◆ I've been working hardly today. ◆ She has thought very hardly about her future plans. ◆ It was raining hardly outside. ➡ note at hardly ➤ left /right 左；右 at a sharp angle to the left /right ◆ Turn hard right at the next junction . ● be /feel hard ˈdone by (informal to be or feel unfairly treated ◆ She has every right to feel hard done by —her parents have given her nothing . ● be ˌhard ˈpressed /ˈpushed to do sth ● be hard ˈput (to it ) to do sth to find it very difficult to do sth ◆ He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance . ● be hard ˈup for sth to have too few or too little of sth ◆ We're hard up for ideas . ➡ see also hard up ● ˈhard on sth very soon after ◆ His death followed hard on hers . ● take sth ˈhard to be very upset by sth ◆ He took his wife's death very hard . ● old ˌhabits , traˌditions , etc . die ˈhard used to say that things change very slowly ● (hard /hot ) on sb's /sth's ˈheels very close behind sb /sth ; very soon after sth ◆ News of rising unemployment followed hard on the heels of falling export figures .
