Starting a war 开战

• declare/make/wage war (on sb/sth) （向…）宣战/挑起战争/发动战争
• go to war (against/with sb) （向…）开战
• cause/spark/provoke/foment/quell unrest 引起/平息骚乱
• incite/lead/crush/suppress a revolt/rebellion 煽动/领导/镇压起义/叛乱
• launch/mount/carry out a surprise/terrorist attack 发起/实施突然/恐怖袭击
• prevent/halt/represent an escalation of the conflict 防止/阻止/表明冲突升级
• be torn apart by/be on the brink of civil war 被内战搞得四分五裂；濒于内战
• enter/invade/occupy sb's territory 进入/侵略/占领某人的领土
• lead/launch/resist/repel an invasion 领导/发起/抵制/击退武装入侵

Military operations 军事行动

• adopt/develop/implement/pursue a military strategy 采用/发展/实施/执行军事战略
• carry out/execute/perform military operations/manoeuvres/ (especially US) maneuvers 执行军事行动/军事演习
• send/deploy/station/pull back/withdraw troops 派遣/部署/派驻/撤回部队
• go on/fly/carry out a reconnaissance/rescue mission 进行/驾机执行/执行侦察/营救任务
• train/equip/deploy army/military/combat units 训练/装备/部署陆军/军事/作战分队
• lead/launch/conduct a raid/a surprise attack/an (air/airborne/amphibious) assault (on sb) 领导/发起/实施（对某人的）突然袭击/（空中/空投部队/登陆）攻击
• employ/use guerrilla tactics 采用游击战术
• conduct/wage biological/guerrilla warfare 进行/发动生物战/游击战
• fight/crush/defeat the rebels/the insurgency 设法战胜/镇压/挫败叛乱者/叛乱
• suffer/inflict a crushing defeat 遭受惨败；大获全胜
• achieve/win a decisive victory 赢得决定性的胜利
• halt/stop the British/German/Russian advance 阻止英国/德国/俄罗斯的前进
• order/force a retreat 命令/强迫撤退

Fighting 作战

• join/serve in the army/navy/air force 加入陆军/海军/空军；在陆军/海军/空军部队服役
• be/go/remain/serve on active duty 在服现役
• serve/complete/return from a tour of duty 在服役；服役完毕；服役归来
• be sent to the front (line) 被派往前线
• attack/strike/engage/defeat/kill/destroy the enemy 袭击/攻击敌人；与敌人交战；击败/杀死/消灭敌人
• see/report/be engaged in heavy fighting 目睹/报道/参与激战
• call for/be met with armed resistance 要求/遭遇武装抵抗
• come under heavy/machine-gun/mortar fire 冒着激烈的/机关枪的/迫击炮的射击
• fire a machine-gun/mortar shells/rockets (at sb/sth) （对…）发射机关枪/迫击炮弹/火箭弹
• shoot a rifle/a pistol/bullets/missiles 步枪/手枪射击；发射子弹/导弹
• launch/fire a cruise/ballistic/anti-tank missile 发射巡航/弹道/反坦克导弹
• use biological/chemical/nuclear weapons 使用生物/化学/核武器
• inflict/suffer/sustain heavy losses/casualties 遭受惨重损失/伤亡
• be hit/killed by enemy/friendly/artillery fire 被敌军/友军/炮火击中/射死
• become/be held as a prisoner of war 成为战俘；作为战俘被监禁

Civilians in war 战争中的平民

• harm/kill/target/protect innocent/unarmed civilians 伤害/杀死/瞄准/保护无辜的/手无寸铁的平民
• cause/avoid/limit/minimize civilian casualties/collateral damage 导致/避免/限制/最大限度减少平民伤亡/附带性破坏
• impose/enforce/lift a curfew 强制实行/解除宵禁
• engage in/be a victim of ethnic cleansing 参与种族清洗；成为种族清洗的受害者
• be sent to an internment/a concentration camp 被送到俘虏拘留营/集中营
• accept/house/resettle refugees fleeing from war 接受/收容/安置战争难民
• fear/threaten military/violent reprisals 害怕/扬言要军事/暴力报复
• commit/be accused of war crimes/crimes against humanity/genocide 犯/被指控犯战争罪/反人类罪/种族灭绝罪

Making peace 和解

• make/bring/win/achieve/maintain/promote peace 促使/带来/赢得/实现/保持/促进和平
• call for/negotiate/broker/declare a ceasefire/a temporary truce 要求/商谈/协商/宣布停战/暂时休战
• sign a ceasefire agreement 签署停战协议
• call for/bring/put an end to hostilities 要求发动/引发/结束战争
• demand/negotiate/accept the surrender of sb/sth 强烈要求/商讨/接受…投降
• establish/send (in) a peacekeeping force 建立/派遣维和部队
• negotiate/conclude/ratify/sign/accept/reject/break/violate a peace treaty 商讨/达成/正式批准/签署/接受/拒绝/破坏/违反和平协定

• The noun peace can be used to talk about a peaceful state or situation. 名词 peace 指和平、平静、安宁的状态或形势：◆world peace 世界和平◆I just need some peace and quiet. 我需要的只是平静与安宁。 Peacefulness is not a common word. It means 'the quality of being peaceful'. * peacefulness 不常用，指和平、平静、安宁的性质。