Theory 理论

• formulate/advance a theory/hypothesis 创立理论；提出假设
• build/construct/create/develop a simple/theoretical/mathematical model 创立一个简单/理论/数学模型
• develop/establish/provide/use a theoretical/conceptual framework 创立/建立/提供/使用理论/概念框架
• advance/argue/develop the thesis that… 提出/论证/详尽阐述…的论题
• explore an idea/a concept/a hypothesis 探讨一个想法/概念/假设
• make a prediction/an inference 预测；推断
• base a prediction/your calculations on sth 基于…做出预测/估算
• investigate/evaluate/accept/challenge/reject a theory/hypothesis/model 研究/评估/接受/质疑/拒绝接受一个理论/假设/模型

Experiment 实验

• design an experiment/a questionnaire/a study/a test 设计一项实验/问卷/研究/测试
• do research/an experiment/an analysis 做研究/实验/分析
• make observations/measurements/calculations 观察；测量；计算
• carry out/conduct/perform an experiment/a test/a longitudinal study/observations/clinical trials 进行实验/测试/纵向研究/观察/临床试验
• run an experiment/a simulation/clinical trials 进行实验/模拟/临床试验
• repeat an experiment/a test/an analysis 重做实验/测试/分析
• replicate a study/the results/the findings 做相同的研究；得出同样的结果/调查结果
• observe/study/examine/investigate/assess a pattern/a process/a behaviour/ (especially US) a behavior 观察/研究/审查/调查/评估一种模式/一个过程/一种行为
• fund/support the research/project/study 资助/支持研究/项目/专题研究
• seek/provide/get/secure funding for research 寻求/提供/得到/争取到研究资金

Results 结果

• collect/gather/extract data/information 收集/提取数据/信息
• yield data/evidence/similar findings/the same results 得到数据/证据/类似调查结果/相同结果
• analyse/examine the data/soil samples/a specimen 分析/考查数据/土壤样本/样本
• consider/compare/interpret the results/findings 思考/比较/解释结果/调查结果
• fit the data/model 与数据/模型相符合
• confirm/support/verify a prediction/a hypothesis/the results/the findings 证实/支持/核实预测/假设/结果/调查结果
• prove a conjecture/hypothesis/theorem 证明猜测/假设/定理
• draw/make/reach the same conclusions 得出同样的结论
• read/review the records/literature 阅读/评论记录/文献
• describe/report an experiment/a study 描述/报告一项实验/研究
• present/publish/summarize the results/findings 提交/公布/总结结果/调查结果
• present/publish/read/review/cite a paper in a scientific journal 向科学杂志提交一篇论文；在科学杂志发表一篇论文；阅读/评论/引用科学杂志上的一篇论文

Summing up an argument 总结论点

• ◆ In conclusion, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people's perception of crime. 综上所述，本研究为人们对犯罪活动的认识问题提供了有益的见解。
• ◆Based on this study, it can be concluded that the introduction of new street lighting did not reduce reported crime. 基于这项研究可以得出这样的结论：增加街道照明设备并没有使犯罪案件报案数量减少。
• ◆ To sum up, no evidence can be found to support the view that improved street lighting reduces reported crime. 总而言之，没有证据表明街道照明的改进能使犯罪案件报案数量减少。
• ◆The available evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that the media do have an influence on the public perception of crime. 现有证据显然可以得出这一结论：公众对犯罪活动的认识确实受到媒体的影响。
• ◆ The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that public perception of crime is significantly influenced by crime news reporting. 本研究可以得出的一个主要结论是：公众对犯罪活动的认识受到犯罪新闻报道的很大影响。
• ◆ This study has shown that people's fear of crime is out of all proportion to crime itself. 本研究表明，人们对犯罪活动的恐惧与犯罪活动本身并不相称。
• ◆Fear of crime is out of all proportion to the actual level of crime, and the reasons for this can be summarized as follows. First… 对犯罪活动的恐惧与实际犯罪水平并不相称，其原因可归结为以下几点。第一，…
• ◆ Overall / In general, women are more likely than men to feel insecure walking alone after dark. 一般情况下，天黑后独自行走，女人比男人更容易感到不安全。

In a formal meeting or conference, you may have to bring the session to a close. Here are some ways to get people to stop speaking. 以下是一些在正式会议结束时请求与会人员终止发言的方式：

• ◆ I'm afraid time is running out/we're running out of time, so we'll have to make this the final question. 恐怕时间不多了，所以这将是我们最后一个问题了。
• ◆ We've only got a couple of minutes left, so can we summarize what we've agreed? 我们只剩下几分钟了，所以概括一下已经达成一致的意见好吗？
• ◆ I'd like to close the session with a few final remarks… 我想最后说几句来结束这次会议…
• ◆ We'll have to leave it there, but thank you all very much for your input. 我们就到这儿吧，非常感谢大家的参与。
• ◆ Well, that's all we have time for today, but we'll meet again on Tuesday. 好了，我们今天没有时间了，但星期二我们将再次开会。
• ◆ I'd like to thank you all for coming and for a very productive meeting. 感谢大家出席这次会议，以及为这次富有成效的会议付出的努力。