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| FUNCTION WORD |
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| weak /tə, tʊ/ |
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| strong /tuː/ |
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| 1 | used as part of an infinitive
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| | 1a | used for forming an infinitive that is the subject , object , or complement of a verb , or is the complement of an adjective , noun , or pronoun （用于构成不定式，用作动词的主语、宾语或补语，或用作形容词、名词或代词的补语） | | I hope to see you next week. 我希望下周见到你。 | | The system is very easy to understand. 该系统很容易理解。 | | I didn’ t know what to say. 我不知道该说什么。 | | Hattersley’ s decision to retire from politics was not completely unexpected. 哈特斯利离开政界的决定并不完全让人感到意外。 | |
| | 1b | used for showing the purpose of an action （用于表示行动的目的） | | Nobody came to help me. 没人来帮我。 | | I am writing to thank you for your generous gift. 我写信是要感谢你送的大礼。 | | To call security, just press this button here. 要叫保安的话，按这边这个按钮就行了。 | | in order to do sth I gave English lessons in order to earn some extra money. 我教英语课是为了多挣点外快。 | |
| | 1c | used instead of an infinitive in order to avoid repeating the verb （用于代替不定式以避免动词重复） | | You don’ t need to come if you don’ t want to. 要是你不想来，不一定非得来。 | |
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| 2 | going somewhere
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| | 2a | used for stating the place where someone or something goes 往；到；向 | | She rushed to the phone. 她冲向电话。 | | There are daily flights to Boston. 每天都有航班飞往波士顿。 | | the road to the farm 通往农场的路 | |
| | 2b | used for showing that someone goes somewhere for a particular event or activity 去（参加某个活动） | | Robert hates going to parties. 罗伯特讨厌参加聚会。 | | She’ s invited me to her wedding. 她已邀请我参加她的婚礼。 | |
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| 3 | when you tell , give , or show sb sth
used for stating who is told , given , or shown something 给；向；对 |
| Prizes were presented to the winners. 奖品颁发给了获胜者。 |
| I have already explained to everyone what the problem is. 我已经向大家解释过出了什么问题。 |
| the President’ s speech to Congress 总统向国会发表的演讲 |
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| 4 | facing or pointing towards sb/sth
used for stating in which direction someone or something is facing or pointing 面向；朝向；指向 |
| Henry was standing with his back to me. 亨利背对我站着。 |
| She pointed to a notice on the wall. 她指着墙上的一张布告。 |
| She looked to the left and then to the right before crossing the road. 她先往左右看了一番之后才横穿马路。 |
| face to face/back to back (=facing each otherfacing away from each other) They stood face to face, glaring at each other. 面对面/背对背 |
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| 5 | used for saying where sb/sth is
used for stating where someone or something is in relation to the position of another person or thing 在…方；位于…的方向 |
| There was a large bookcase to the left of the fireplace. 壁炉左边有个大书柜。 |
| John was sitting a few yards away to my right. 约翰坐在我右边几码远的地方。 |
| a large township just to the south of Johannesburg 约翰内斯堡南面的一个大型黑人居住区 |
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| 6 | when sb is affected by sth
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| | 6a | used for stating who or what is treated in a particular way 对待 | | They were very kind to my mother when she was ill. 我母亲生病时，他们把她照顾得很好。 | | cruelty to animals 虐待动物 | | Look what you’ ve done to my new carpet! 瞧你把我的新地毯搞成什么样子了！ | |
| | 6b | used for stating who or what is affected by a situation 对；对于；在 | | industries that are harmful to the environment 对环境有害的工业 | | I wonder what happened to the Knox family? 我想知道诺克斯家发生了什么事？ | |
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| 7 | in a particular relationship with sb/sth
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| | 7a | used for explaining a relationship between people or things 和，与（用于解释人或事物间的关系） | | Linda has been a good friend to my mother for many years. 琳达是我母亲多年的好友。 | | a political party with ties to a terrorist group 与恐怖团伙有联系的政党 | | related/married to She was married to an American lawyer. 她嫁给了一个美国律师。 | | Are you, by any chance, related to William Morton? 你也许和威廉·莫顿有亲戚关系吧？ | |
| | 7b | used for stating which person or organization someone does a particular job for 服务于；为…工作 | | She is personal assistant to the Managing Director. 她是总经理的私人助理。 | |
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| 8 | when sth is connected or fastened
used for stating where something is fastened or where a connection is （被固定）在，于，到 |
| The carpet had been nailed to the floor. 地毯已被钉在地板上。 |
| Your computer is connected to the main network. 你的计算机和主网络是连在一起的。 |
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| 9 | when sth changes or develops
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| | 9a | used for stating what condition or state someone or something is in after a change 变；变得；转变 | | He saw that the lights had changed to green. 他看到交通灯已经转为绿色。 | | The building has been restored to its former glory. 大楼恢复了往日的气派。 | | Charlotte was often reduced to tears by his angry outbursts. 夏洛特经常因为他大发脾气而泪流满面。 | |
| | 9b | used for stating what stage of development is reached （发展）到，到达 | | When will all this suffering come to an end? 这种苦难什么时候才有个尽头？ | | an event that brought matters to crisis point 使事态处于危急关头的事件 | | The animals are slaughtered before they grow to maturity. 这些动物还未长大就被屠宰了。 | |
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| 10 | as far as a limit
as far as a particular point or limit 到 |
| The cancer had spread to his lungs. 癌细胞已经扩散到他的肺部。 |
| How far is it from here to Oxford? 这儿到牛津有多远？ |
| I’ m afraid my budget doesn’ t stretch to luxuries like champagne. 恐怕我的预算负担不起香槟这种奢侈品。 |
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| 11 | until
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| | 11a | until a particular time or date 直到 | | To the end of her life, she was a tireless campaigner for peace. 她为和平不知疲倦地奔走呼吁，直到生命的最后时刻。 | | from...to The shop stays open from 7 am to 9 pm. 这家商店从上午7点营业到晚上9点。 | | The siege of Monrovia lasted from October 1992 to February 1993. 蒙罗维亚从1992年10月一直被围困到1993年2月。 | |
| | 11b | used for stating how much time passes before a particular date , time , or event 在…之前 | | Sales increased during the 13 weeks to September 30th. 销售量在9月30日前的13周里有所增长。 | | Only another 18 days to the final exam! 只剩下18天就要期末考试了！ | |
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| 12 | before the hour
used when telling the time , for saying how many minutes it is before the hour （距整点）差… |
| It’ s twenty-five to twelve. 现在差25分钟12点。 |
| I’ ll meet you at quarter to six. 我5点45分来见你。 |
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| 13 | used for stating sb’ s opinion
used for stating whose opinion , attitude , or knowledge is being referred to 对…来说；在…看来 |
| To most of us, work is an unpleasant necessity. 对我们大多数人来说，工作是件令人讨厌但又不得不做的事情。 |
| it seems/looks to sb It seems to me that there has been a lack of discipline. 在我看来是缺乏纪律约束。 |
| to my mind/to my way of thinking (=in my opinion) a taxation policy which is, to my mind, unfair 在我看来 |
| to sb’ s knowledge (=according to what someone knows) To my knowledge, no one knew what Melissa was planning. 据某人所知 |
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| 14 | causing a particular reaction
used for stating what your reaction is when something happens 令；使；让 |
| to sb’ s surprise/delight/horror etc To her surprise, she saw that he was crying. 让她吃惊的是，她看到他在哭。 |
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| 15 | used for showing how numbers are related
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| | 15a | used for showing the relationship between two numbers or amounts （表示两个数字或数量之间的关系）每 | | The new model will do 60 miles to the gallon in town. 这款新车在城里每耗油1加仑可行驶60英里。 | |
| | 15b | used for showing that a number of smaller units is equal to a larger unit 等于 | | There are 10,000 square centimetres to a square metre. 10,000平方厘米等于1平方米。 | | The exchange rate is 108 Japanese yen to the US dollar. 汇率是108日元兑换1美元。 | |
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| 16 | used for giving the score in a game
used for saying what the score is in a game 比 |
| Our team won by five goals to three. 我们队以5比3获胜。 |
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| 17 | closed or almost closed
if you push or pull a door to , you close it or almost close it （门）关上，掩上 |
| The door swung to behind her as she went out. 她一走出去，门就在她身后关上了。 |
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| 18 | used for showing a possible range
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| | 18a | used when showing the whole range of numbers between and including the two that you mention （表示范围）到 | | a toy suitable for children aged three to five 适合3到5岁孩子的玩具 | | from...to the numbers from one to ten 从1到10的数字 | |
| | 18b | used when showing how large a range of people or things is （表示范围的大小）到 | | from...to I’ ve written articles about everything from sexual morality to gardening. 我写的文章包罗万象，从性道德到园艺什么都有。 | |
| | 18c | used when you say that a number is within a particular range because you are not sure of the exact number （表示数的大约范围）到 | | Only about 20 to 25 per cent of the population voted for this government. 大约只有20％到25％的人投这一届政府的票。 | |
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| 19 | needed for sth
used for showing that something is an important or necessary part of something else 对…（重要或必需） |
| the answer to an important question 一个重要问题的答案 |
| the keys to my desk 我书桌的钥匙 |
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| 20 | while there is a sound
used for stating the particular sound that can be heard at the same time that something happens 听到；听见 |
| I awoke to the sound of birds singing. 我在鸟鸣声中醒来。 |
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| 21 | touching sth
used for stating what something else is touching or pressing against 碰到；触到 |
| Clasping the child to her breast, she began to weep. 她把孩子抱在胸前，哭了起来。 |
| He put a finger to his lips. 他把一个指头放到嘴唇上。 |
| PHRASES |
| - | (all) to yourself
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| if you have someone or something to yourself , you do not have to share them with anyone else |
| 独享；独自占有 |
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| My parents were away, and so I had the house to myself. 我父母都不在，家里就我一个人。 |
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| - | ten to one/a hundred to one etc
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| used for saying how likely it is that something will happen |
| 十有八九；很有可能 |
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| It’ s ten to one that the murderer will never be caught. 凶手很可能永远都抓不到。 |
| The odds against him winning are reckoned at 20 to 1. 他的获胜赔率被定为20赔1。 |
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