Evolution of new species typically takes at least hundreds of thousands of years, and recovery from mass extinction episodes probably occurs on timescales encompassing millions of years.
新物种的进化通常要花费最少几十万年，而且恢复大规模物种灭绝中的一小段也可能需要几百万年。
2
And dynamics and mass circulation in subduction zones and Earth system evolution.
俯冲带和地球系统演化过程中的动力学及物质循环。
3
It is itself a product of evolution, characterized by the destruction of bacteria, and other life on a small body of mass destruction.