A number of recent theoretical and experimental studies have shown that droplet motion can be initiated and self-supported by a surface energygradient of the substrate.
最近的一些理论和实验研究表明,液滴运动是受基底的表面能量梯度启动和支撑。
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"We've [also] got an indication that we can pump protons across the membrane" to set up a proton gradient, says Cronin - another key stage in harnessing energy from light.
克罗宁称,我们可以抽吸质子分布在细胞膜上,来设置形成一个质子坡度。
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A gradient, a difference in energy from one place to another is necessary for things to happen.