Emergentproperties arising via thermodynamic and morphodynamic constraints are abundant in non-life: the hardness of minerals; the malleability of metals; the surface tension of liquids.
Such emergence is the defining characteristic of complex systems : systems with emergentproperties of the system as a whole that aren’t properties of any part of the system.
这类变化确定了复杂系统的特征：系统具有各种变化的属性，但这些属性综合起来却不同于任何部分的属性。
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One possibility is that time, and also space, are emergentproperties of the Universe, which are not part of the bottom level of reality.