在美国侵权法上，关于近因的判断，存在着直接因果关系（direct causation）和可预见性（foreseeability）或风险范围（scope of risk）两种对立的理论。
双语例句
1
It is showed that the uneven international price fluctuation of crude oil has no directcausation with the great increasing demand of crude oil in China in recent years.
这说明，国际油价的异常波动与我国近年来对石油需求的大幅增加并没有直接的联系。
2
The most salient feature of the non-prototypes of the causation concept is that there is no transmission of direct physical causative force.