The difference between these two scenarios may have implications for how these supernovae can be used as "standard candles" — objects of a known brightness — to track vast cosmic distances.

When the detection range of the IR thermal imager is calculated by using NETD, the target radiation brightness difference must be calculated in the operating wave band.

Common kernel function RBF only has a local characteristic, with the measurement of the difference in brightness according to the Euclidean distance between pixels of two types.